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CQECRIGHT DEPOSm 



A Classical Technology 

Edited from Codex LucenstSj 490 

BY 

JOHN M. BURNAM 

Professor of Latin, University of Cincinnati 




BOSTON 

RICHARD G. BADGER 

THE GORHAM PRESS 



Copyright, 1920, by John M. Burnam 



All Rights Reserved 



<\ 






I / 



MADE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



The Gorham Press, Boston, U. S. A 



0I.A576154 
AUG 2o 1920 



PREFACE 

This pamphlet is presented to the learned world 
as an attempted fulfillment of the author's promise 
made p. 7 of "Recipes from Codex Matritensis A 
16," ("A") ; see University of Cincinnati Studies 
19 12. The editor had been lead to discuss Codex 
Lucensis 490 in so far certain leaves contain a series 
of antique recipes for colors, inks, stains, varnishes, 
alloys, etc. Reference was made to L. Duchesne, he 
Liber Pontificalis torn. I pp. CLXIV-CLXVI for 
the earlier bibliography and that editor's mention of 
the recipes; to Wattenbach, Schriftwesen, third ed. 
Leipzig 1896, p. 252 n. 3; to the Arezzo ed. of 
Muratori Antiquitates Italicae torn. IV 1734, cols. 
674-717 ("M"). To those references must now be 
added Loew, Studia Palaeographica Miinchen 19 10, 
pp. 30 and 44, Script ura Beneventana, Oxford, 19 1 4, 
pp. 108, n. 2 ("one of the hands makes a very decided 
Visigothic impression"), no ("s. viii ex. probably 
written in Lucca), 211 ; Bliimmer Terminologie u. 
Technologie, etc." torn. I second ed. Leipzig 19 12, 
p. 240 n. 2, 246, n. 3 (he could not thoroughly util- 
ize this MS because its text is "sehr verderbt") ; and 
finally Lindsay in the Revue des Bibliotheques, 



Preface 

1914, p. 19 mentioning the script of the earlier part 
of the MS as Visigothic. \ 

The present editor held that A and M are ulti- 
mately offshoots of the same text, that M is Spanish 
in its own writing as well as that of its archetype 
(this last statement proving erroneous as the reader 
will presently learn) ; that their archetype was from 
about 700 and was in a semiuncial hand. But hav- 
ing since then secured through Auguste Picard 82 
rue Bonaparte and the overseers of the Capitular 
Library of Lucca a photographic facsimile of this 
portion of the MS plus an additional folio, the editor 
has somewhat modified his views. 

Writing: fol. 211 Vo. has two chapter headings 
I and III done in a mixture of ungainly Capitals 
and Uncials, whereas the text of I and II is in a 
transitional style halfway between a legible cursive 
and the Carolingian Minuscule, with some queer 
combinations e. g. LaBorant. There are numerous 
erasures of the prothetic h (a Spanish symptom),' 
many occurrences of the dot employed to separate 
words or word-combinations. The scribe who did 
the chapter headings seems to have copied the chap- 
ter III likewise, using a singular wide rounded hand 
with less word separation, fewer dots and without 
erasures. Fol. 217 Ro. is done chiefly in a cursive, 
unlike either of the preceding; this hand reaches 
to DE TINCTIO OMNIUM MUSIUORUM. 



Preface 

Here we first meet the symbol -4- for uncia, of such 
frequent occurrence in this text; we must not fail 
to mention the existence of two or three blurrs ren- 
dering the decipherment of the text somwhat uncer- 
tain. The remainder of the MS is in Uncials with an 
admixture of cursives; these latter are often trace- 
able to a corrector, perhaps all are due to him. It 
seems that sometimes the scribe, unable to decipher 
his Vorlage, left a vacant space later filled in by the 
corrector, a much more expert palaegrapher : he did 
the other work usually devolving on a corrector. The 
abbreviations are the aforementioned symbol for 
uncia, a d with cross stroke for dragma, bar with 
nasal or general value, the usual p series, q; for 
que etc. 

Spanish character of the text: Besides the pro- 
thetic h already mentioned, observe the frequent 
confusion of b and v, the use of ipse* as an article; 
occurrence of calentem sometimes rather than cal- 
dum for warm (Sp. and Port.) denante 688E; the 
occurrence of several words from the Syriac and 
Arabic which can scarcely have reached our territory 
otherwise than via Spain viz luza (Syriac), lulax, 
lazurizon (Arabo-Persian), zebel i. e. gebel (Arabic 
for rock) : these facts compel us to refer the arche- 



*Which must antedate the Carolingian invasion 
in the eighth century. 



Preface 

type to a Spanish territory, and that territory (note 
ipse) must be Catalonia. Furthermore, the only 
convent in the Barcelonese region which could have 
made a home for such a text ultimately going back 
(as the reader will presently see) to Greco-oriental 
sources, must have been Santa Maria de Ripoll. 

The writing of the archetype', must have been a 
Spanish cursive. At 701 A we read omam corr. 
from umam, which must be changed to autem, i. e. 
it was aum in the archetype. Note also quoquis 702 
E. corr. from quopis, tinquere 677 E for tinguere, 
several occasions e. g. 686 C when z is written for 
g;er for tr and et for tt 711 E; ainguis for tinguis 
679 E; tarbonibus 707 D for car-; 714 E where 
we find r for s and c for t etc. : these errors and ex- 
changes require us to posit a Visigothic cursive in the 
scribe's Vorlage. 

Writing of the parent of the archetype: tempera- 
tiorum 707 C for temperationum and some similar 
exchanges in 714 E of n for r demonstrate an earlier 
copy in a Roman Semiuncial hand. We must also 
state that the error of unum for unde 716 B, the loss 
of erunt, i. e. er after — ter 687 D, the form cum- 
flatura 694 C for conflatura, the existence of he 
for habet 687 Sodica for f erotica 696 C etc., all fur- 
nish cogent evidence for the existence of some ab- 
breviations in the archetype or its parent. It must 
also be remarked that one of these MSS had some 



Preface 

marginal summaries or catchwords as well as pro- 
bationes pennae which have been perpetuated in the 
Codex Lucensis. For instance 698 D we find that 
impossible word unguatum which was a Spaniard's 
side note i. e. aquatum, the correct Latin for that 
Lombard for uuatu of the text. This, as a result of 
its cursive Visigothic form, was misread uguatum 
and then made to resemble unguentum, a good 
enough Latin term, but quite out of place here: it 
must be admitted, however that our scribe may really 
have had before him aguatum preceding modern 
Spanish aguada, aguado. 

The further history of the text and Ms: the 
scribe of this codex at least of this portion of it, can 
be only Italian. For, at 697 D, he began the word 
lilium with a g, i. e. the modern Italian giglio. The 
recurrence of g with its modern force proves nothing 
since that phenomenon was quite as prevalent in 
Catalonia and in fact all Spain. What is more 
important is the fact that the text in spite of its 
strong Spanish affinities in its present state, must 
have originated in N. Italy. The combination post 
tote bullite 690 B can come only from Italian terri- 
tory: fersa 690 A producing Lombard fers, suven- 
Hum 690 D whence old N. Italian suvengo, uvatum 
698 D a Lombard word from aquatum are decisive 
for the particular region that produced the transla- 
tion. Some other words worth noting are banga 



Preface 

707 A which is Italian only, murta 696 D occurring 
in Catalonian, Spanish and Sardinian to the exclu- 
sion of French and Italian, pensionem 716 C popular 
in Italy only, "savant" elsewhere: pargamina 683 
A which is popular in Sardinia and Provence may 
imply some currents of influence from the islands. 
And we may note palmi as a measure 691 C confined 
to Italy and Provence. 

Some additional Low Latin or Romanic forms: 
These have been for the most part carefully cata- 
logued in the Glossary with appropriate references 
to the Romanic lexicons of Korting (K) and Meyer- 
Liibke (ML). By way of supplement we will list 
donee non with a subjunctive 677 B extr., 693 
A; habes inaurare 709 C and E; loss of final t, 
confla 716 E, da 715 E, dimitta 699 B extr., rema- 
nea 710 C. In general this text is Low Latin with 
a vengeance : the cases have been confused to a point 
where de is followed even by a Nominative, where 
the Present Indicative, the Future, the Present Sub- 
junctive, the Imperative and even the Present Par- 
ticiple plus the Gerund are used interchangeably. 
Probably the use of that Participle is to be ascribed 
to the Greek original. As for the vocabulary, it fur- 
nishes about ninety words not quotable from our 
current dictionaries and about forty words starred 
in K and M L, the long sought sources of some 
very interesting Romanic forms. Besides what the 



Preface 

editor has seen or found, of course, the professional 
Romanic scholars will see much more. 

The Greek element: The mere fact that Greek 
words are constantly interlarded in this text suggests 
a Greek original. This conclusion is rendered a cer- 
tainty by the appearance 714 E of a whole recipe in 
Greek, done in Latin letters (as usual at this period) 
and copied as we have already seen, from a Semiun- 
cial archetype. That Greek is fearfully and wonder- 
fully made, but no whit worse than the Latin. The 
editor has dished up in the Commentary what he 
conceives to have been the Greek original. If we 
ask from what part of the Greco-Roman domain this 
text was derived we must first notice the frequent 
mention of the Alexandrini and alumen Asianum : 
these point to Alexandria as the radiating point for 
information dealing with Egypt and the nearer Asi- 
atic Orient. This view is conformed by the occur- 
rence of Arabic, Syriac and (ultimately) Persian 
terms; it becomes practically a certainty when we 
note the similar character of that series of chemical 
recipes published by Otto Lageicrantz ("Lg.") 
Uppsala and Leipzig 19 13 under the title of Papyrus 
Holmiensis. Not only do the texts resemble each 
other in content but in form. For instance, each 
has a heading in larger or different style from the 
recipe followed by that heading repeated at the 
beginning of the recipe itself. 



Preface 

Datings: The date of the Lucensis has been 
fixed all the way from about 780 (Mabillon) to s. 
VIII-IX by Loew. It is perhaps sufficient to say 
the closing years of the eighth century. As for its 
archetype and the parent of the latter we may sug- 
gest the earlier years of the eighth century and the 
period of about 650, though there is no cogent reason 
why the Latin version should not have come into 
existence a full hundred years sooner. 

Recapitulation: M by some Italian scribe is de- 
rived from a Spanish cursively written archetype of 
about 725, derived from an earlier MS in Roman 
Semiuncials of perhaps 650: this last was a transla- 
tion into Latin by a North Italian, probably a Lom- 
bard, from an original done in Greek at Alexandria. 

In conclusion, the editor presents this text to the 
students of ancient and early medieval technology, 
Low Latin and Romanic Philology, guaranteeing a 
palaeographical text and offering some answers to the 
inherent difficulties found therein, realizing all the 
while how much more must be done to render the 
work perfect. 

John M. Burnam. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 

The series of Arabic numerals 673, etc. reproduces 
the columns of Muratori's Antiquitates Italicae torn. 
IV Arretii 1774. The symbol -5- is taken directly 
from the codex and means uncia, uncias etc.: the 
italicized letters are the extension of an abbreviation, 
while anything enclosed in ( ) implies some sort 
of correction in the ms., usually in a cursive. The 
symbols [ ] and < > have their usual meaning, 
the former pair bracketing what the editor believes to 
be an interpolation the latter his restoration of some 
defect. Lg. refers to O.Lagerkrantz, Papyrus Hoi- 
miensis Stockholm u. Leipzig 191 3, K and ML 
mean the two well known Romance Dictionaries 
of Korting and Meyer-Lubke, A 16 means the Re- 
cipes of the Madrilene ms. of that no. published by 
the present editor, Cincinnati, 19 12. 



A Classical Technology 

TRANSCRIPTION 

The stroke/means the end of a line in the MS. 

Fol. 211 V°. 

I DEFABRICA IN AQUA. 

Sifabricainaqua necessefuerit. (h eras.) erigere. 
facisfurcam/triangulam.Sinon.alta. (h eras.) altitude 
aque <erit> facis/archam & picas eam(h eras.) 
aforas.cum Sebu. & pice utnon/inea intr& .aqua et 
sic solbatur.Ipsa calce et eos/qui laBorant in tus & 
posita.archa inter quattu/or naues.constitues.inlo- 
cum. (h eras.) ubi.necessefuerit/& hornizas.Ipsas 
naues ut non moueantur inaqua/Et tunc inponis 
lapides. adfabricandum. 

<II> Tempe/ratio autem calcis. talis mittis. 
areng par/tem.unam. et calcis.duo.et tunc (h eras.) 
operaris.ipsa/autem.(h eras.) archara. habeat unum 
cubitum.super.aqua/ 

III DE MALTA Malta quomodo debet conficere/ 
mittis calcis partem unam aren£ partes quattuor/ 
gestatus<s>etertia.aque uero congium. h<a>lei 
<faris> porcinisextaria/duoretrequiescas ipsa con- 
fectio.hebdomatta una.si au/tem plus dimiserismelior 
fiet.assidue autem infundatur secun/ dum :quam 
indiget.et conficiatur.Et tunc operaris (681 E). 

Fol. 217 R°. 

15 



1 6 A Classical Technology 

XVIIII.DECONPOSITIO CATHMIAE./ 

Conpositio cathmiae nitrum partem unam. sulphur 
partem unam. 

alia cathmia. halumen pa<r>tem unam sulphur 
uibum partem/ unam nitrum partem unam. 

XX. Detinctio uitri prasini/ tinctio. uitri prasini 
tere uitrum. bene limas heramen/ mundum et mit 
(682 A)tes Inlibras debitrum. heramen -f- iii./ Re- 
coques per dies iii. 

Alia tinctio teres bitrum bene mitte perlibram 
heramen -f- i. Alumen hegiptia -=- i. et quoques 
p^rdies iii./ 

XXI. Dealialactis coloris. Alialactis colons In- 
libram/ mittis stagnum — iii. et quoques p^rdies ii. 
de tinctio san/ guinea. 

Tinctio sanguinea in libram mittis. cinnabarin -4- 
iii/ et quoques perdies. ii. 

De tinctio rubea (682 C) Tinctio rubea/ in 
libram uitri [s] trita psimitim. ~- ii. et quoques 
p^rdies ii. 

Detinctio alithini. Tinctio alithini absque ignem 
etungues/ [ungues] subtiles uitria et ungues dracon- 
tea aname/ migmenis et fi& sicut rubea. 

Deminus tincta melini (682 D) coloris/ minus 
tincta melini coloris Inlibram theaspis ter<re> 
-t- ii/ et quoques <per>dies iii. [Rubeo] Inlibram 
calcuce caumenu -J- ii./ [deantismis dedamia antimis 
dedamia] (h)amoraque/ libram i. napta libram i. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 17 

sulphur uibu libras Hi. picis asi<a>de -f- iiii/ bal- 
samum libra*, ii. gagathin <~ Hi. oleo ex oliuis -4- 
iiii./ resina -r- iiii. lac ferri libram i. ista omnia com- 
mis ce/ et teres bene quoques una ora fi& ignis sed 
secundum/ priorem uirtutem sed minus [sed exmo- 
dice <sci> licet.] (673 E) DE TI<N>CTIO 
OMNIUM MUSIUORUM./ 

Ti (n)ctio omnium musiuorum. tinctio. prasini. 
uitri de massa./ Libras, v. Limatura aeramenti. 
ab(s)que plumbum. (674 E) -5- ii. et mitte/ inuaso 
(ras.) nobo. testeo (corr. ex tero). sufE(e)re(n)s. 
ignem. et dequo/ que[n]s. inferiora <in>/ fornace 
uitriari. die<s> vi. et posthec eice. et confrangis/ 
minutatim et iterum conflas. prasino. tin- 
gu (n eras.)s/ (675 A) DE INORATIONE/ 
MUSIBORUM. 

De ina(u)ratione musiborum. facis pecula plus/ 
crosa. queiussaws. posthec facis. ilia alia, et pones 
pe(t corr. ex c)ulu7w. 

217 V°. 

heramentinum./ ut incensum non herebit. posthee 
pone pe[c] talum aureum super pe[c]talum uitri. et 
supra, ponis pe[c]tala suptilia multum./ Supra pet- 
alum, auri. et (675 B) mittis utraque. infornace 
donee incoat./ solui petalum. et postea. eicis. ut 
refri(c)det et tolle. frigas/ faciem in tabulam 
plumbinaw. [i] smir [on]i[e]nam. donee adtenues./ 
faciam. et coloras illud. 



1 8 A Classical Technology 

DE MUSIUUM DE ARGENTO/ 

Mosibum. de argento. (s corr. ex f)ecundo. quod. 
superius. exposuimus./ ita omnia, fades. (675 C). 

de smurutas tabulas./ 

Quomodo. smiruttas. tabulas [plumbinas] facis. 
tabulam <mittes>. explum/ bum et (ras.) tolles 
<s>miram uiba. et teres bene munditer. aspargis./ 
tabulam. totara et defricas. [semen^ uitrum. donee. 
confi(g corr. ex c) (1) antur./ pulberas. <s>mi 
(675 D)re. ad tabulam et posthec operaris. cum 
aquam 

de Colorado/ <uitri>. 

Ad colorationem. tolles. tabulam. et scaraxas. 
spisse crucatim./ et ter[r]es. Cretam argenti. utili- 
ter. aspargis. tabula, et defri/ gas. ibi ipsum. uitrum. 
donee coloridietur. (675 E). 

Decoctio plumbi. 

Ter/ ra est. fusca. Nascitur. in omni locvm in 
solanis et calidis/ locis. signum autem loci, herbe. 
omnes. infirm^, et debiles simili/ter. et arbores. terra 
fos (c corr. ex s)a. et petra. quae ex ea nascitur. et 
ipsa./ fusca cabatur. autem inaltitudinem. propter 
estuan<t>em. so/ (676 A) lis. et post/ hec tollis 
metallum soliclas et ipsa suptiliter mittis infornace. 
ista/ terra mutuosa est. inuenitur. inmontuosis. locis. 
jn solanis. et cali/ dis. et non dimitte. sicut princi- 
palis, lapis, quia motuosis. et infir/ mus est frigida. 
enim terram. semper metalla debiles. facit. calida. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 19 

enim/ principale metallum. reddet. fuscum. et mun- 
dum. et quod uirtutem/ ha (676 B) beat, fuscum. 
metallum. inuenietur. lapis, enim. qui in ea. inuen- 
ietur/ subuiridis est. eoquod uirtutem. habeat. sol- 
arem. et calidam. proquod/ metallus. ardens. s<c> 
intilla (ras.)s. dimittit. in umidis. enim. locis. plus/ 
quam. alitus. metallus. nascitur. 

DECOCTIO PLUMBI./ 

Cone (sp. 4-5 litt.) tio. plumbi. metallum. plumbi. 
fuscum est et lapis, qui in ea/ inuenietur. prasinus. 
desuper. exalbidum. proter uirtutem flo/ ris. terre 
metalli. et quod (f corr. ex g)emininum sit. metal- 
lum. s<c>intille autem/ jnprobationem. absolbe. et 
lapis, prasinus. nascitur. sed subal/ bidus. et pondus. 
plus modicum, [metallus. grabior] masculinum/ 
autemplusquam grabior. inuenitur. (676 D). 

DECOCTIO PLUMBI./ 

218 R°. 

Coctioplumbi. metallus (plum)bi fuscum (ras.) 
nascitur in omnibwj locis. plus autem/ in alidis et 
lapis qui in ea nascitur. uiridis est sed non subalbi- 
dus/ metallus uero grabw probatio autem. metalli 
(ras.) tollis [mittis]. in ignem./ qui dum bu./ illi 



20 A Classical Technology 

erit. et solutum fuerit. s<c>intillas dimittis. lapis/ 
que in ea nascitur. uiridii est. et herba. quae in ea 
nascitur. semper./ marcescit. precalitudinem metalli. 
col (1) igitur. autem sic proues/ tuationem solis. 
cabas, terra, usque ad cubitus tres. altitudinem./ 
debilis est. ipsa terra, et dum cabatur. desiccat. ipsa 
uero. jnfornace/ excoquitur quemadmodum. (677 
A) etiterum. plus autem incenditur./ plumbum. 

DE ALIA PLUMBI COCTIO 

Alia plumbi. coctio ex ipso./ metallom. ipsud 
metallud non sicca [t]. sed continuo dum lebatum 
fuerit/ mittitur. infornace ferri. cum carbonibwj 
(corr. ex-bis). et lento, ingni (667 B) non succen/ 
de (n eras.)s. usque ad diei. oram. quartam. (rec- 
oquitur)/ autem. ut mundus fia (eras.) et sic mit- 
titur in fornacem. iterum. et excarbonibwj/ pini. 
aut de (h corr. ex m) abetem. et decoques. per 
hora(s) tres. et operaris. 

DE CO<C>TIO UE (U eras.) T<R>L] 
(677 C) 

Coctio uetri. arena est. que nascitur. in diuersis. 
locis nascitur autem./ et jn partibw^ jtalie. jn monti- 
bus. [ista arena] est autem. etpe (t)r(a)/ colore 
[m]. uitri. subnigra. ista autem. est. probatio. tolle 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 21 

ex ipsa arena./ mfttfs jn calicla. utiliter. jncendis 
cum carbonibus. et decurret/ desub manum. ui 
(677 D) trium. sed. inu (t eras.) tilis tolle et ex ea 
(corr. ex em) dem arenam./ et delubas. propter pul- 
berem. et dimittits decolare. fades (ce eras.) forna- 
cem/ de bitriarium. et facies. duos, folles. et ipsa, 
[et ipsa] operatione. priori/ uitri decoqz/e uelut picis. 
coctionem. et tolles. illud priore uitriu/rc./ quod jnu- 
tile est. et comminues. et recoques in ipsa, fornacem. 
sicut/ picem. (677 E, A 85). 

De pelle alithina. etincuere. 

Qualiter. debea<n>tur. pelles/ tingui. alitine. 
tolles pellem. depelatam. utiliter./ et tolles gallam. 
mittis. per unam. quamqw? pellem. libras v. aqua 
uero/ liber, xv. et mittis pellem. et exagi(ta) una 
die. et posthec labas./ bene, et desiccas. tollis alu 
(678 A) men asianum. mitte. calidam aquam./ in 
ipsum alumen. et dum resident (f)unde. ex illo 
(e eras.) ipsam aquam./ et mitte. iterum (te)pen- 
tem aquam. et exagi (n eras)ta e(t) mitte jn 
jpsam/ unam. aut duos, aut quantas uolueris pelles. 
et tolles. (labas illas) semel/ et mittis. be(r)micu- 
lum. per unam quamqw^ pelle dimidiam. libr^m. 

Hec est./ prima ti<n>ctio. pel (678 B) lium. 
tolles bermiculum. et t(e)res jn mortario. 

218 V°. 



22 A Classical Technology 

mittis orinam. expumatam. in caccabum calidum. 
et ipsum./ bermiculum. tritum. mittis in linteolo. 
raro et mittis in ca/ cabo calentem. et exagi (n eras.) 
ta quousque exeat [quod exierit]./ delenteolo. etreli- 
cum. quod remanet. mittis. et exagita. donee non/ 
remaneat. in (678 C) linteolo. aliquid de ipso, ber- 
miculo. et tolle/ ex ipsa confectionum. et conficis. 
ipsas. pelles. ut utrem./ et mittis ex ipsa, iotta. per 
unam. quamqz/e pellew. libram. dimidia/ et defrica 
bene, et demittis, tota nocte manere. jn ipso/ et 
mane [t]. confice ut sufficiat, et fundes, laba. et des- 
icca <e>t/ labora. 

DE SECUNDA TINCTIO. (A 85) 

Secunda tinctio (ne eras)/ in eadera. itaque 
<quae> ext(et) depriore pelle. tinguitur. pelle 
pe/ curina777. in ipsa meditationem. in qua pelles. 
caprina<e> tincte sunt./ (678 E.). 

DE TINCTIO PELLIS PRASINI[S] (A 86) 

Tincto pellis prasini (s eras.)/ tolle (s) pellem. 
depellatam. et mitte stereos, caninus. Et colo/ 
mbinus. et gallinacium. et solbes. ea in iot(t)a. 
et mittis. in ipsa/ pelles et confices. eas ibi. perdies. 
iii. et posthec eice illas/ exinde. et labas. hutiliter. 
demitte desiccar(e eras.)e. et post/ hec tolles. alu- 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 23 

men. asianum. et secundum, quod superius/ docui- 
mus. de ali(tina). et tolle post egluza. et pisas/ 
decoques utili (679 A) ter. cum urina. dimittis. 
refrida/re. Et cus(s eras.)e ipsas pelles sicut. hut- 
res, quomodo diximus/ de alithina [Et] coctione 
mittis in ipsos. Et confrica/ bene, et jnsufflas modic 
(ras.) um. ut abeat. uentum. et confice bene, donee 
conbibat. ipsum medicamen. et posthec/ refundis. ex 
ipsis. et tolles. ipsas. pelles. laba semel./ et postea. 
tolle de lulacin -4- iiii. (679 B) per pellew. et huri- 
nam/ dispumata. libras. vi. et comisce. ipsut lulacin 
mitt (ras) is./ in ipsos utrem sicut. iota luze. et con- 
fids bene donee/ sumatur. ipse umore. confectionis. 
et refundis. qwod (s corr. ex r) u/ perat. inpecorina. 
iota luza <e> et lulacin. sicut prediximus./ in 
alithina. et exiet. pecorina [s] (se)cumdum prasi- 
num./ 

Fol. 219 R°. 

TERTIA TINCTIO. (A 87) 

Terti(a) (tin)ctio uene(ti) pelle. sicut superius/ 
diximus. confices. et postquam labantur. mittuntur. 
in alumen./ sicut diximus. et post eice destipterea 
(s eras.) Et. post (ras.) tolle lulacin./ dimidia. 
libra hurinam spumatam. liber, x et commisce in 
unum./ mittis jn ii. folles. et (679 D) mittis modi- 
cum uentum. confice sicut./ superius diximus. ista. 



24 A Classical Technology 

auteTfl. per dies. iiii. adsidue confices./ Similiter et 
post. iiii. dies, mittis. inpecorina/n. similiter et ipsas / 

confices. per dies. v. et labas. dimitti sicca (re)/ 
'■9 E). 

Quarta tinctio. melini 

Cornices, similiter, ipsas pelles. alumina.;' eodem 
modo. et posthec labas depos(ras)t. alumen. et 
luza. ; ' pisa. et decoques. bene cum hurina. dispum- 
ata. Et postquam. refricdaberit. mittis jpsa. jo(t)ta. 
jnipsos folles. et coniicis./ sicut prfdiximus. per die 
(s) v. uel vi. Et posthec refundis. et a ' inguis peco- 
rinas. sicut superius dixim^. et labas desiccas./ 
(680 A) (A 89). 

DE PRIMA PANDII TINCTIO 

Prima pandii. ti<n>ctio. coniice e(g eras.) 
odtm/ modo pelles et mittis similiter in alumen. et 
posthec labas/ tingues. ipsas pelles. in uitriolo. et 
labas. bene. Et (ras.) compones/ be(r)micul^m. 
sicut supra, et deinde ex ipsa, iotta. coctionis mit/tis. 
(680 B) in ipsos folles. et conficis. ut docuimus. et 
refundis. operari/ pecurinas. et labas. desiccas. 

DE II. PANDII TI<N>CTIO. (A 90) 

Secunda. pandii. ti<n>ctio operaris. tingue sicut. 
prediximus cum uitri/ olo. et labas utiliter. mit (ti 



From Codex LucensiSj 490 25 

eras.) te ex iotta luze. in (680 C) ipsos folles./ et 
confices perdies iii. 

DE TERTIUS FANDWS. 

Tertius pandius. tingue [mj/ <quem> admo- 
dum diximus. melino. et posthec tolle jotta. co[n]-c 
cina. et mit/ te. Confice sicut prediximwj. corallu 
(s). tenuis boni colons. Rubeus/ marine, tritus. 
libram. (680 D) i. lacca. conquilium. libram. i. et 
calcitarin -—. ii./ galla. ~. ii. trita omnia. Et com- 
misce (de eras.) decoques. cum hurina/ ad sole. 
[Et uolueris.] ipsas pelles. sicut prediximus. Et dum 
uo/ lueri (ras.)s. tingue remittis (i. e. tinguere mit- 
tis). ex ipsa, io (ras)t(ras.)ta. et deurina. dispu- 
mata. Et mittis. jnipsos. folle [m]. Set confices. per 
dies iii. post/ hec labas. bene, et (d)esiccas. (680 
E). 

DE PORFIRO MELINO./ 

Porflro melino. confices. ipsas pelles. sicut supra 
et mitte./ jn alumen. Et deinde labas. Et tingue 
melino. posthec. 

219 V°. 

temperas coccura. et ipsa temperatione. mittis. 
(ras.) jn ipsas pelles, tincta (s)/ et confices. (681 
A). 



26 A Classical Technology 

Tertius pandius. 

<Tertius pandius>. Tolle rubiam. et pisa bene* 
mittis in caccabum/ et hurina decoques. hutiliter. et 
post mittis modicum, alumen./ et commisce. et ponis. 
lit (re)fri(c)det et posthec. colas, ipsas. iotta./ 
mittis. jnipso(s) folles. et conficis. bene die una. 
(68 1 B) et labas. desucas. et post/ hec tolle. jotta. 
luze. — i. et lulacin -f- i. et commisce. et ungue. 
faciem/ de pelle. 

Ti<n>ctio ossuon//n. et omnium./ co<r>nuo- 
Tum. et omnium, lignorum. 

Ti <n>ctio prasina [rum], de quod uis. ex ora- 
(68 1 C) nibtts./ supradictis ossa. autem mittis. In 
alumen. asiana. dies xih cornum./ autem. aluminas. 
diebuSj viii. lignum uero. iiii. et posthec decoques./ 
luza. bene deponis. quod uis donee fe(r)beat. et 
dimittis ut re(ras.)fricdet./ et dejnde tolle. ipsud. 
quod mittis. et facis. lulac [er] in. [mittis.] Et di/ 
mittis. illud. dkbus. v. Et post eice et labas. (68i 
D). 

Dei tine (tio) ueniti./ 

Secunda. tinctio ueniti. aluminas sicut supra di- 
ximus. et facis lulace (rin)/ mitta. equoduis. et dim- 
itte. di<e>s. x. cornum. x. et lignum, iii. (682 E). 

DE TI<N>/ CTIO MELINA. 

Tinctio melina. alumina, sicut supra diximw*. et 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 27 

coque luza. utiliter. cum hurina. ex. pumata. et mit- 
tis dum bulliet./ 

DE COLORE. SIMILI. CINNABARIN. 

Colo(r) e [s], simul (leg. simili). cinnibari/71. 
senopidem/ decocta partes, duas siricum. partem, i. 
Commisce. in unum. et/ temperas, cum aqua, et fac. 
cod uolueris. (683 A). 

De parga(mina e corr. in ras.) 

Parga(mina corr. ex bobina). quomodo fieri 
debet, mitte. illaw. in calcem. et/ temperas, iaceat. 
ibi. per dies. iii. Et tende illam. in cantiro. et rade 
ilia, cum/ nobacula de ambas partes, et laxas des- 
sicare. deinde quodquod uolueris/. Scapilatura. fa- 
cere. (683 B) fac. et post pingue. cum colorib(wf). 

DE COMPOSITIO/ PSIMITHIN. 

Compositio psimitthin. tolle acetum. ace(rr)i- 
mum. funde/ jn an<for>um. Ut facias, quasi dimi- 
dium. deinde plumbum, delatum (leg. delebica- 
tum?). et exte/nuatum super acetum. suspenditur. 
sicut acetum. remissum./ ip(s)sa. (683 C) in 
an<for>um. beluti. fex. subsedit. que facid elimpi- 
datum. lebi/ catam. et sole siccata. terimus et in 
aqua, diu labamztf. 



28 A Classical Technology 

DE CALECETIS/ 

Calecetis, gleba est. naturalis. que in cipro. jnsu- 
lam. jnuenitur. metalli/ ci[s] co (683 D) lorem 
subaurosum. jntus banas. habet defi(ss)as perut/ 

220 R°. 

alumen scissus. et in mo(n cras.)dum. stel- 
larum. fulgentis. 

DE CEBELLINO. 

Cebellino fiet. sic tolle lignum eerinum. aut de- 
(yryn)um. et munda/ ra (683 F) mus eius. Ex 
corcite. Et faciem. eius lebiter dola. Et posthec/ 
mittee illud. jn aqua, et obries. in loco ubi est. ce- 
nosum. anno*, xx. Et./ post/ hec [mitte] eice. et de- 
mitte ad umbra desuccare. annum unum. Et dum 
bo/ lueris. labora quoduis. (684 A). 

DE MEMORIAM 

Memoriam. uniuersani77z. herbarum. lignorum. 
lapidum. terre. met (a corr. e ex e)llorum. amorum. 
aque fungi salis/ nitri afronitri olei Picis resine. 
terre. sulforis. el(ei)acosi. De metallo/ rum qui- 
dem. [Metallorum. quidem]. species hec prima met- 
allum/ exquo fiet. auro terra rufa. a<d>modis 
subru (684 B) bicunda. propter adiux/ tantem. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 29 

illi terra, est enim. Et alia similis. Et dum. jncendi- 
tur. perdet/ colorem. et non are(n corr. ex s)osa 
sicut ilia prior, nascit( ras.) autem in solanis:/ locis. 
e(t) terr (a corr. ex. e) e<s>t sic<ut>metallum 
auri. metallum uero argenti/ uiridis est. Metallum 
autem heramenti. petra est. uiridis. (684 C) colore./ 
autem. petre similis. aeramenti (dum per) cutis 
c(um petreg)/ bolo jgnem (h)e[t]mitti. auricalci. 
autem. (ras.) petra est (m)elina. eodem/ modo 
ignem. e[t]mittit. 

De metallum. 

Lapis est. [Metallum lapis] est/ colore, ipso gagi- 
zon. (684 D). 

de plum (ras.) bum. 

Plumbum autem. (ras.) terra est fusca./ lapis 
uero. que in ea jnuenietur. uiridi (s corr. ex r) est. 

De uitri arena. (684 E) 

Arena unde/ uitrwm <m>etallizatur. est enim 
et lapis, et ipsi uitri coloris. 

De uitriolum/ 

uitriolum. unde fiet. terra ogrizos sun [t] crete ubj 



30 A Classical Technology 

berno. tempore/ gutta que ipsa collige[n]t. [et] 
decoqt/f. et ex ipsa, terra fiet calci(ras.)tarin/ que 
autem arida uitriolo. (685 A). 

DE ALUMEN. 
Alumen. autem. metalluTw/ est. tera floriens. 

De eritarin. 
Terra est alba, facilis/ ad pisandum. 
De sulfur. (685 B) 

Sulfor ex terra nascitur. et ipse jncen/ ditur. 
locus coctum. autem. commixtum <cum> oleo. 
[et] coquitur. 

DE NITRO./ 

(Nitrum) sal est. quod nascitur. in<ter>ra 
[fiet], jn limnas [jn telopo] cauatur/ (685 C). 

DE SAL SCISTIS. 

Sal scistis: nascitur. similar. 

DE AFRONITRO. 

Afronitro uero nascitur. in loco, uitri. prius. 
quam (z corr. ex u)elet. conponitur. autem./ et 
alium. ex nitro. principale (685 D) autem. spumam 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 31 

<h>a<be>t alba lit nix. Com/ positum. autem. 
plus fuscum. abet autem. eandem uirtute (Crux 
correctoris)./ 

De terra sulforitafn]. 

Terra sulphuri<ta> tantum nascitur. in eodem/ 
loco (ras.)ubi sulfur, nascitur. ipsa autem. terra 
generat. sulphur./ 

Fol. 220 V°. 

(Ductus est iesus in deserto a spiri/u ut temptar 
<etur> : Probatio pennae, saec. X-XI). 

DE LAPIS E[T]MATHITIS. (685 E) 

Lapis e[t]matthitis. nascitur. iuxta/ locum ubi 
sulphur nascitur. 

DE ARGENTUM UIBUM. 

Argentum./ uibum. nascitur ex terra, et alium. 
ex metallum argenti jn con/ flationem. (686 A). 

DE AURIPIGMENTUM. 

Auripi(c)mentu metallum est. terre/ 

DE LAPIS GAGATIS. 

Lapis gagatis. jnuenietur. jn uniuersis. locis./ 
(686B). 



32 A Classical Technology 

DE PRASINUS TERRA. 

Prasinus terra est. mealli(ras.)zatur./ 

LULAX. 

Lulax conponitur. ex terra, ex erbis (686 C). 

DE LAZURI./ 

Lazuri. cumpositum. Claris composit(us) ficarim 
compositus jarin/ heramen. flos psimitt(h)im. 
plumbi flos. 

Ogrea terra. 

Terra. e(st)/ pandia omniacolores [omnes] com- 
positio. Calcuce(c corr. ex t)aume/ num et (leg. 
ex). Eramen fiet. Cinnibariw. Ex argento ui (686 
D) bo. fiet. Siricura/ Ex ipsimithim. fiet enim et. 
ex plumbum, herbaram. autem/ terra, et lignorum. 

Ch(i eras. ) riscollon. 

A (r corr. ex 1) est non alta. meli/ num. habens. 
jnteriorem lignum, nucis cortices, [est], fru/ 
t[r]ices. oligine. cortice mela. cortice hulmi. cortice 
celsa./ [cortice]. hec omnia, tinctioni sunt. Rubia 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 33 

siluatica. Luza est./ mor(i eras.)closus. galla. 
glande est. tamusaticar. pustris est./ [anticarbus.] 
Tuti (686 E) mallin. herba. est. dantralasis. dis- 
sobogauto/ erba est. resina. omne[s] specie. Ex pino. 
et sappino. quoquitur./ pice recocta. pe<r> colas, 
semel. hedrea. ex ligno. cedrino. coqui/ tur. resina 
Ex<s>a[c]pino nascitur, resina. abietiam. ex 
abiete. nascitur./ mastice ex lentis. co[n] nascitur. 
zigea ex zigeo. gumma, ex at<e>ri/ n[i]a. secunda 
gumma, ex a[c]micdala. oleo. ex oliba. line leon./ 
Ex semine. lini fiet. Corallum. ex mare. (687 A) 
oleo lentissino/ et (leg. ex) lentis. Co flet. con- 
quilium. ex mare. Sal ex mare hec/ omnia, presi- 
gnauimus. ti(n)ctionum. Coctionum. <li> quorum. 
<con>s(leg.f )ectionum lapides. prediximus. Me- 
talla. haluminatione(s). herbas quas/ inuenia<n> 
tur. Quod. Ex resinas. colea. [Re(s)inas.] terras. 
quod est/ sulfur, olea. aqua negra. aqua salmagina 
[s]. uiscum./ et omnia plan<ta>tionum. agralia. 
(687 B) et omnia que germinantwr/ et domesticis. 
et marinis. cera apium. axungia. aquarw/rc autem./ 
dulcia. omni<f>aciem lignorum. uero pinus sa[l 
sejpinus/ Giniperum. caparis. sus. cinere autem. 
glande et ficus./ 

Fol. 221 R°. 

Omnium, istorum. requisitio (ras.) neraquerecipit. 
qwod. ex urina./ expumata. acetum. cum aqua, 
plubiali. aquam. ante [primus]./ omnia ista predix- 



34 A Classical Technology 

imus. (687 C). Modo autem pro lit[e]ran/m. 
mensura. h<ab>e<t> (g)abw*/ libras. x. Sex- 
tarius libra;, iii. congius. autem. libras. xii. cabi. iiii. 
idest./ libras xl. Temperatio autem. aceti. cum aqua, 
pro inlumina(ti)one./ adhoc (s corr. ex r)upor 
firon. 

DE PETALO AURI. (A 77). 

Qu<o>modo petalam flet. aurwm (687 D) 
bizantium. -~- i./ argentum mundum sicut. cl bwj. 
-J- i. Commisce in unum. et purga ilium./ per 
plumbum, et post funde. exinde comisce. et ba(t- 
corr. ex n) te. la[c]mina./ et post ilia, battuta. 
subtiliter. recide illam per pensum. usque quin/ que 
tremisses bizantii. et postquam. perfecti. e. qualiter. 
<erunt.>/ [et] si una longa fuerit aut (687 E) 
curta. per martellum adequetur. tarn/ de latum, 
quam delongum. si equa fuerit. de ille -r- ii. viii. 
petie/ fieri debent. Scaldato illo. jn foco. (b corr. 
ex p)atte. et tene illut. Cumte/nacla. ferrea. et 
<quando> cum que battis. [sed] tornatur. deintro 
jnforas./ ut curte. inmedio. adparisca<n>t. et 
quando. crescen<t>s. emisse unum./ recide. illas 
[su]pfr coltellum. per pensum. tertia[(s)] uice[s]. 
et in quarta/ uice[s]. ubi equale penset. [su]per 
totum. [et] plica turn, illud/ (688 A) capud ad 
(c corr. ex. p) apud [et pensat. equale]. et des- 



From Codex Lucensis t 4Q0 35 

tende. et a forfice./ recide. et super ipsas. ca(p)- 
pilaturas. capud ad capud ponatur./ et battatur. 
manu[m] una. lebiter. et mittatur. jnoleo. [(qu)e] 
postquam/ sunt de ille. viii. petie. lx. iiii. [Et] pos- 
tea facis caga. eramentea./ et semper eum ibi scalda. 
et aliud. eramen. ponead battere una petia./ desuper 
et una de (688 B) subtwj et quomodo. pabtis exmar- 
tello. plana, tante/ manus de illo. capite quante de 
illo. et quomodo crescit. semise. prima./ recide. illud. 
et pone, unum super unum. usque Intertia. uice. 
post./ jnoleo. mittatur. et semper, eramen. plica 
[(n)]tur. et aliud. junga[n]tu(r)./ et tamdiu[m] 
battatur. ut de ille. (viii. petie) mille. xxviii. 
<fiant>./ Et circinetur. jllud a forfici. (688 C) 
et ipse circina[(n)]tur(e) restringe./ in pannum. 
lineum. ut debeat ardere jn ipsa fornace. ubi pe/ 
talum. mittitur. et ipsa, fornace. fiere debet, pedes, 
ii./ alta a terra, et ponatur. tegula. pertusa super 
murum. de uno/ latere, iii. pertussa. et de alto (leg. 
alio), iii. Etinmedio. unum. 

Fol. 221 V°. 

et alia tecula ponatur. super semisse unum altum. 
a terra, et pertun/ datur. ipsa in (688 D) medio 
loco, et a terra pertusso unde mittantur. ligna/ et 
denante unde mittatur. aurum. et ipsum aurum. de- 
beas cumcine(re)/ defemum bouinum, munditer. 
fie(r)e. et de sale. e[t] quale (leg. — iter), arsa 
trita. sicut <cum> cinne(re). commisce. jnprima 



36 A Classical Technology 

[uete(re)] cinnere mittatur. et in. ii. [noua.]/ (A 
78) Et in iii. a similiter, setantiantur. et postquam 
petalum. coloratum fue/ rit quidquid la (688 E) 
borare uolueris. <fac> 

Deaurationem petali. cum blutam/ de obum gal- 
linacium. Et si deauratione uitri. fuerit. sic similite- 
(r)/ et si deauratione lignum (leg.-ni) fuerit. Cum 
gipso. bl(u corr. ex a)ta. faciatur. Corium/ tauri- 
num. crudum. capelatum. et buliat. jn ca(c)cabum. 
nobum. Cum/ aqua, ut deferbeat. dies. ii. et iii dies. 
tempe(r)as. cum gipso. et <si>uolis/ jnligno. 
aut ubi uolueris. fac et tolle[t]. pellam. des [qua- 
tru] quadriga cum ipsum/ (689 A) gipsum. et post 
ilium, siccum. rade (c corr. ex t)um cultcllum. 
acutum. et de/ a(u)ra postea. (A 79). 

Et si plumbum, deaurare uolueris. funde illud sup- 
tiliter./ et rade munditer. et pone petalum. supe(r) 
et cum e[t]mattit(h)e. lixas, Et/ stagni opera 
si. deaurare. uolueris similiter. 

Defferrum deaura(re)/ (689 B, A 80). 

Si autem ferrum deau(r)are uolueris. tolle cal- 
citarim. et alumen./ asianum. e(t eras.)quis pon- 
deribus. et sal similter. et draca(n)tum. tantum/ 
pensum quantum tota tria. et comisce. cum aqua. 
i(s)ta tota. Et in caccabum/ Eramenteo. mitte. 
£t per oram. unam bolliam. Et ungue jpsum/ fer- 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 37 

rum ubi deaurare uo (689 C) lueris ct modicum, 
(ras.) laxa st(are). et ter/ ge ill (ras.)ut. et fiet. 
color eramentium. et tolle lapidem. onicinum./ ct 
lixa. illud. ct si exierit. [et] color eramenti [et] re- 
tingue eum. Et/ si ipsa, deauratura. no(n) boluerit. 
prinde. re misce cum medicamen(tum)/ equaliter 
et ungues. 

DE DEAURATIONEM PALLII./ (689 D) 

(A 81) 

Addeaurationem palii sicut superius. diximus de 
blutam. taurotica./ jnqualemuis pannum. facere 
uolueris <mitte>. et si [uol] (aur)are uolu/ eris. 
cum ho(ni)cino. lixas. 

DE MILU CUTIUikf. BRIDE AURARE/ 
(A 82) 

Si milum. Cu (m cancell.) zubri de (689 E) 
au(r)are. uolueris. cum petalum <fac> Cum 
blutam/ obi gallinacium et si ipsum. milum. face- 
(re) uolueris. tolle masticem libanum -f- i. pisa 
inmortario. et conmisces. jn unum. Et fac milum. 

DE CONFECTIONS LUC(ID)E. 

Confectio luc(id) e quomodo. fieri/ debeat. peta- 
lum aureum. line leon. -r v. Galba (690 A) num. 



38 A Classical Technology 

Fol. 222 R°. 

Terbentina. -f-. i. pice sp(a corr. ex i)na. -4- i. 
Jste. iii. species, solbe. inunum. Semel./ Cum modico 
line leon. et postea crocum orientale. -4- i. libanum. 
-f-/ iiii. murra. -=- ii. mastice. -~ ii. resina. 
sapp[h]ini. ~ ii. flore puppli./ primotica. ~. ii. 
ueronice. -f-. ii. lineleon. et auricella. commisce. eat./ 
mas(so)na. colas, post tota. fersa misce ibi. gumma 
ce rasi<i>. -f- ii. (690 B) crocum./ libanu. murra. 
gumma cera si<i> [m]. resina sapp[h]mi. flo- 
(re) pup(p)li./ ueronice. pisa. ista. tota. et cri- 
bellata. bulliat. Cum uncias. iiii./ line leon. et post 
tote bullite. per lin(t)eum. colate. et sic debeas. 
misce (r)e/ iste. in species quod est. galbanum. et 
terbentina. et pice (s)pana./ et si aliquid uitium. 
postea. abuerit. ut se desiccare. non poteat./ iunge 
(690 C) mastice. quantum uolueris. aut -=- i. aut 
media. 

DE PETALO ARGENT I (690 C, A 83)./ 

Petali. argenti. jn modum auri battantur. de pe- 
talum. 

de petalum. stagneum./ 

Quomodo petalum. stagneum. fieri debeat. 
<Tolle stagnum> -f-. ii. batte lamina, longa./ et 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 39 

gracile et recide ea (690 D) per pens(u corr. ex 
a)m. usque (a corr. ex e)t quinqw? uices. Et 
suuen/ tiura (ras.) eum diuide. 

DE FIL(I eras.) A AUREA FACE (RE). 

Quomodo petalum./ fiet ad fila. aurea. auro bonum. 
sicut metrum. batte laramina: longa./ et gracile. 
quando per longum. battis. plica etiam unum. supe- 
(r) unum/ (690 E) et sic eas. battes. sed pleca- 
turas non battis. et postea aperis auruwz per medium. 
Et amba capita non battuta. jn medio ueniant. et 
bat(i eras.)te/ Et cum ala (nouacula ?). eum 
diuide Et post debeas. ad pluna. re cum matiola./ 
lignea. Et de solum unum debeas facere iii. petalas. 
Et post tolle(s)/ forfices. bonas subtilissimas longas. 
et graciles. et circina. (i corr. ex u)llu (t corr. ex. 
m) / usque ad sanum. et plica, unum. cata unum. 
petalum (691 A) et contin(u eras.) a ilia, cum/ 
conte(ras.)na. ferrea. et tota sic similiter, fieri, 
debent. Et tolle ca(r) bones minutos. adprehende. 
illos. jnfocario et debeas. mitte(re). tota. petala./ 
intro modico. et gabata. e[t] quale ut tota scaldata. 
fiat, et habes./ aquam paratam. et bersa. sup^r 
ut adluminentur. seipse. petala. Et./ post tolle. 
tragantum. mundum. et diligenter. pista (691 B) 
illut. jn mor/ tario. et sal equis ponderibwj. et frica. 
cum aceto. extempera(s)se/ indue per petala, de 



40 A Classical Technology 

ambis. partibus. equaliter. cum pin(n corr. ex ao) 
a et in fo/ carium. scalda. promodico (s). sic colo- 
ratz/r aurum. Et cum aquam/ munda. laba. Et 
diuide. eum. et adsucca. Et post, cap/pela. fila. (ut) 
xii. tremisses. pen(s)ent. ad a[u]cu./ 

Fol. 222 V°. 

pictile. Et ad auruw. textura. gracile. (691 C) 
Ut xv. tremisses pesent./ et ipsa fila longa. palmi 
tres. et petala. sic esse debent./ 

DE COLORATIO PETALI ARGENTI. 

Coloratio. petali. argenti. alumen asianum./ par- 
tes, ii. Sal. i. pista eum. (c corr. ex a)ribellatuw. 
unum sit [a inpetalum]/ (in)petalum (691 D) 
(inter lineas: f <i> &) modum (corr. ex modi- 
cum), et mitte. jn fornacem. Sicut superius/ docui- 
mus. ad aureum. 

alia coloratio. 

Femum de boue munditer/ Jncenditur. et sal sim- 
iliter omnes. 

DE TI<N>CTIO CALCIS IN COLORE/ 

Auripicmenti tolle una. et petia ad petia sterne. 
super cake/ et iaceat sic (691 E) die et nocte. j. 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 41 

jn aer. Et inde quidquid uolueris/ inparfete facere 
fac. 

DE LUCIDA. 

AD LUCIDUS sup^r colore (s). quale fieri 
debet, lineleon [t]. -~ iiii. tereuentina. -r- ii./ gal- 
banum -f- ii. Larice -f- ii. Libanum -5- iii. murra. 
-=-. iii./ mastice. ~. iii. ueronice. -5- i. gu[g]ma. 
cerasi. -f- ii. flore (692 A) pluppi. -f- ii. gu]g]ma. 
amigdalina. ~- ii. resina. sappini —- ii./ que pisande 
sunt pisa. et gri(b corr. ex l)e(l eras.) la. et cum 
superiwj. mitte/ ingabata. auricalca. Et mitte in for- 
n(u corr. ex a)c(a corr. ex u) lido, et sine/ flamma. 
coce. ut non exeat, foras. et post cola, cum linteo/ 
mundum. et si rada ue(ne)rint decoq«? Et usq«^ 
dum (s)pi(s)sa. fiant/ et qualibet opera picta 
aut sca(p)pilata jnlucidare. su (692 B) per./ 
debeas. et pone, ad sole, desicca illam./ 

DE ERAMENTUM ALBUM UT non perdat 
colore m. jn. caliclo/ jn fundum. [jn summum.] 
uitrum mitte et sic confla turn. e(t) quomodo. eum 
fundis. cum subcellum aperi eum./ (692 C). 

CRISOGRAFIA. (A 20) 

Aurum. obrizo. limas. tenuiter et in mor/tano. 
forforiti. co[m]mittis. et adic(i)es. acetum. a (c 






A Classical Technology 



corr. ex t)e(r)ri/ mum. et teri(s) pariter. et labas. 
quamdhi[m] nig(r)o fuerit/ e: Effcmdes. tunc 

£ezr_:z:. ziirtis. au : salis gTinun. au: ce— e r..- 
tr(ras.) urn. et (692 D) sk solBitur. e: Tostea. 
scribis/ et litteras pel lis (leg. polis). Sic omnia 

Alia/ crisografia. (A 21). 

Plumbum, mmflas. et frequen(ter)./ jnfinguis. 
inaqua. frigida. et tunc conflas. aurum/ et re- 
stingues. jn prtdicta. aqua, et fit. fragile/ deinde 
limafnm ter[r]is. (692 E) diligenter. aurum. FoL 

223 R°. 

Cuz: argent: uib:. e: ?"-:gas e\iz:. iiiigen- 
ter. cum e(x/)liquidum./ Et scribes ante jn all 1 mine, 
liquido. Calamum fingues. quod ad/ lum(en) sit. 
cum sale et aceto (obtJmo) purgas. 

Alia auri scriptio. 

Sumes[t]. L(a corr. ex u)m/ minas. aureas. et 
argenteas. et tens in mortario. Jn sale greco. uel/ 
°i (693 A) tro. donee non pareat. deinde mitrJs. 
aquam et eftundis. Et iterum/ mitti(s) saL Et. 
ablues similiter. Et ubi parum aurum remanserit. 
adi/ cies aeri[e]s flos modicum, et fel taurinum. Et 
conteris simul/ et scribes, et litteras. polis. Si uero 



From Codex Lucensisj 400 43 

uis ut diffusum sit et a[m]/ bundantiis. uis 
(s)cribere. teris separatim. auripicmenti. iiii. partes./ 
scisciles. et ele (693 B) (d)ri. parte, i. Et criuella. 
et misces, inde tantum./ quantum equale[s] sit.auro. 
etconteris pariter. etscribes. Cum siccaberis. polis. 
ex hoc autem. Et inuitr (a eras.) eo. Et. inmarmore/ 
pinges. Jta utsimili modo. quasi cum auro scribas. 

Scriptio/ similis auri. (693 C, A 22). 

Scriptio. eli<d>rium. Pragmas iii. auripicmen- 
tum. clsLTum Pragmas iii./ Fel. testudinis. Pragmas 
iii. Albumen, oborum. dragmas v. Sint au (693 D)- 
tem/ non soIutw jn menbranam. aut carta. Sed etiam. 
jn uitreo. uel mar/ moreo. uase. 

Inauratio pellis (693 E) (A 84) 

(tollis) pellem rubea. (ras.) et pumicas earn./ 
diligenter. et temperas. <cum> aquam tepidam. et 
labas. ea. diligenter./ quoadusqwe limpidam aqua 
egrediatur. deinde tendis. in cant(i corr. ex a)rio./ 
et l(a)mnizas. usque iiii. uices. posthec. tendis. Jn 
axe mundam diunde (m eras.), facies. desuper. Et 
cum ligno mundo. coequas. E<am>/ diligenter. 
postquam autem. exiccata fuerit. tollis al (694 A)- 
bumen./ obi. et spungia munda. Et intinguis. jn 
ipsum. lacrim(v corr. ex e)m./ et inducis. semel. 



44 ^ Classical Technology 

per ordinem. Si autem. non sufficit. jnducis./ iterum. 
Et cum sfccatum. fuerit. ponis petalum. deinde/ 
Intinguis. spu(n) giam. in aquam. et premis. et cum 
sicca turn./ fuerit. polis. deinde super < ponis >. 
cum pelle munda fricas jterum/ polis similiter. Et 
dracanto. jnauratur. ita tamen. (694 B)/ ut mittas. 
jn aquas, subnocte. quoadusqwe de/so(l)batur. 

Quomodo eramen. jn colore auri trans/mutetur. 

tolles eramen. mundum. limatum. partes ii./ 
Et alumen. assianum. jn mortarium. pisatum. di- 
ligenter./ 

Fol. 223 V°. 

Et cribella (694 C) turn, partem, j. Et comisce. 
jn unum. Et mittis. jn/ caliclo. Et ponis jn prunis 
donee Confletur. et comisceatur./ heramen. Cum 
alumen. Et desine. su(c)cendere. nam ex multo/ 
jncendio jncende [e]t alumen. jpsut. eramen. et 
postea. jnfun/de[t]. ex urinaw. jpsam. formam 
uasorum. que uis facere. Et sic funde/ ipsud eramen 
jnsecunda. Cumflatura. non perdet colorem. jn- 
(ter)/ tia perdet. Cum limas. non perdet colorem. 
Et cum battis/ non perdet. colorem. Cum uero 
frangitur. jnutilis erit./ Frica omnia, alumen. 
hegyptia (s eras.) fresa. solidoj. iii. nitrus. 4- i./ 

Operatio cinnibarin. 

Conponitur. sic tolles. ydr[o]argiris. (694 E) 



Prom Codex Lucensis, 400 4$ 

mundwx/ partes, ii. sulfuris. uibi partem, i. Et 
mitte ampull(a corr. ex u). sine fum(u corr. ex 
o) m/ et leniter igni dequoqwes [fades] cinnibarin. 
Et laba hutiliter. post/ hec tolles petala<s>. mun- 
dissimas. de eramen. et suspende sup^r acetum. 
accerrimum. pones adsolem. jnmobilem post dies 
<quot ?>ape/ ries et tolles. ipsa petalla. colliges 
florem. et facies. jarim raun/ dissimum. post tolles. 
plumbum, facies petala. suspende/ sicut primum 
su (695 A) per acetum. et colliger. ipsum flore. et 
labas. bene/ donee mundura fiat, et facies. simity. 
tolles de cinnibarin [t]/ partem unam. Et de iarira. 
partem dimidia. Et di[m]ipsim parteradimidia/ 
etmittis. Jnmortario mamoreo. et te(r)es bene post 
tri(ti)onem./ mitte. exaqua. ubicoquitur. hic(ti)- 
ocollon et fiet: (695 B) picmentum pandiuw/ 

Pandius porfirus. 

Jotta. decoctionis. coquilii libram. i. cinniba(r)in 
-r- i./ siricum mundum. -7- i. omnia trita. Et cum 
modica. hurina. Commiscis/ mitte. jn uaso uitreo. et 
reponis. adsolem. donee, dissicetu(r)./ (695 C). 

Quianus no<s>citur sic. 

propter, pensum. ante coramixtionem species 
(s)unt/ marmorem tritum. bene[m]. Commiscis 



46 A Classical Technology 

Secunda mensuram. Coctio/ nis. 

Pandius uiridis. quia(u eras.)nus. libram. i. 
ipsimittira. -f- i. jsta mitte/ Commisce. cum hurina. 
Expumata. hec omnia, exposui/mus. quia ( [qww] . 
exte(r)renis. maritfmis. floribws. uel herbis./ Ex* 
posuimus. uirtutes. uel operatione(s) earum. jn 
parietibus./ et lignis. linteolis. pellibus. et omnium 
<operationes>. Jta me/mor( 1 a corr. ex e)mus 
omnium, operationes. qui in parietibz/j simplice. jn 
ligno. cere./ commixtis. coloribwj-. inpellibw^. [jctio 
collon. Commixtuw.]/ (695 E). 

Fol. 224 R°. 

(Conpositio pi<ci>s. 

Primo. pice urida. ■— i. <Quid ?> dragmas duas. 
sulfo(r) uibus. solidos iii./ resine dragmas iii. 

SCYRA. 

Halii. dicunt aque oleum, halii flore. aque all./ 
qwedonia. alexandrini. autem. amoraque. Nascitur. 
autem. in a (696 A) qua. ubi alba/ terra, terra, 
russea. terra, nigra <nascuntur>. Et inde autem 
de aqua fiet. melinus./ sup^r aqua, jn circuito. 
exitus aquaruw. Est autem <a> qua grauis et 
egrota/ pro te(rr)a. que flore gene(r)at. Si<c> 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 47 

autem. colligitur. martius aprilis si calidos <sunt> 
[locus] usque ad hoctobri mense. [colligitur aute 
<m> sic] tolles aute <m> lana/ mollis (s)ima. 
labata. et inponis. super a (696 B) qua. et exp(r)i- 
mis jn uaso uitreo. abentera/ pertuso modicissi- 
<mum> cera <clausa?>. aperies, ipsum pertus- 
sum et subpone. lana/ munda. donee, deliqwetur. 
jpsa aqua et remaneat. hamoraque. Jtaque amorem/ 
aque mittis dragmam. i. balsamum. mundum. ~f- i. 
aurias. vi. oleum s<c> ilicum./ alii oleum, ricinum. 
dicunt [untur]. alii, laucidis. a (696 C) lii uero 
uiscum. solidwra/ picis cip(r)essini solidwj. i. au- 
(r) eas. xii. pici <s> spini[s]. i. rapone. exoleos/ 
solf^t. ii. nit(r). solidus. i. (r)elinisteo alii sodica. 
alii paudii rusticant/ alii gu[g]mam. alii, manti- 
can. alii, timon. alii tricas. alii trico./ relinon. quo- 
modo appii. nascitu(r). jn aqua, jn parietibwj. Ubi 
calce/ qui dicitur. erba. ca(pi)llacia. arida. terita -5- 
(696 D) i. aulocias alii [s]sticis./ alii galmidam. 
alii galmidam. alii <gan>gaddian. alii geroph 
<il> a. alii, marci an <to> nini. Alexandrini. 
autem. scara. mundi. anis. auri papati. herba subtilis 
ramo/ sa. spina, jnuoluta. albidiante. multi exinde 
acce<n>dent. candelas./ nascitur autem. in locis. 
petrosis. et asperis folia sicut murta./ et spi(s)sa. 
arida et trita. solidi iii. dragmam. i. robas <fero> 
ticis. Alii cocu (696 E) de(ra) nascitur./ sicut 
rubus. fortiores <habet> ramos. et spissus. fruc^ 



48 A Classical Technology 

turn uero. ex <si> milem./ zizi. f (1 eras.) e (b 
corr. ex u)lus. rotandus. pro quo uocauerunt. gen- 
tiles zizif a. ac(r)estis./ habet intus. grana. triangu- 
la pilosa. ipsa c(r)ana siccata. et trita. solid us. 
i./ omnia ar[r]ida. tritasmoti. posthec comisce. 
ad<d>e gigea solidi. duo/ etcomisce et a (697 A)- 
ter[r]es. hutiliter. repones. jnuaso testeo. uitumin- 
ato./ et dum bullierit. lento j(ras.) gni[s]. semel 
fiet. compositio picis. 

DE EXTINGUENDUM. IGNIS 

Dicamus. nunc ad (x eras.) tinguendum./ qualem 
oportet. abere. remedium. siexarderit. j [n] gnis neces- 
seest/ cum furuere. e(x corr. ex t)tinguere si plus 
arserit arena, jn fusa netrina./ 

DELAZURI 

Lazuri. principale folia, folia, floris uiole. collige 
bene./ et jnmortario mundo. teres bene, et saponem. 
exaurwm ungia/ sine calcem. mundus. facies. cum 
a (697 B) qua tepidam. et solbe (s)aponem. jn 
libraaque fol. 224 V°. 

-5- Et fricas hutiliter. jpsum saponem. Cum 
aqua. Et dimitte/ refrigerare. Et posthec mit- 
tis. ipsam. commixtionem. inipsos./ flores. tritos. 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 49 

[tritura flores] et mittes ilium jn uaso uitreo./ 
ubi possis manum mitere. etreponis. illut ibf. et post 
tempus/ ibis comisce(re) (s)emper. comiscas. eodem 
modo. (697 D) et pmnouis. comis/ cas. aut non 
comiscis. cotidie. mobis semel. jndie. usque adunam./ 
ebdomadam. postheciii. (dies), et duos permobis. 
donee decoquas posthec tolle (g eras.) lilium. fus- 
cum. malorem. qui est porfirz/m. qui habet foliam. 
ueluti. culttlus. simul. et ipsum. defricas. jnmortario. 
hutilit(er)/ et dimittis sine sapone mite(n)s. 
aquaw. et (697 E) posthec. tolles ex uiole/ Compo- 
sitionem. libras ii. alumen egip(ti) [s]. spuma si 
forte est. spumatum. alumen mittis. sidebile. crudus. 
mittis -7-. ii. hurina/ spumata. liber, i. et lento igni. 
decoques per o(r corr. ex s)a(s) se(x corr. ex e) 
Et si multum/ ui [p]rode est mittis urinara. siuero. 
' multum. uenetum. mittis/ plus alumen. Si autem. 
lazurim. uisci dragmam. Exalbo lilium. domesticum/ 
mittis quas sufficiaw et decoques. (698 A). 

Custum autem. coctionis. 

tollis/ lignum, concabum. et <e> ice lazurin. 
erba. papaberis. cocta. cum folia/ riorum, reponis. 
inpiniatu nouum. una die et aperies, et pones, ad 
una/ die et dum marcescit. tolles. aquam j[n]- 
ctiocollon decoquitur. Et/ mittis. inipsa folia, 
florwra et te(r)res. utiliter. cum modicum/ cinni- 
barin. commisce. et exiet. color pandius, (698 B). 



50 A Classical Technology 

Conpositio/ lulacin. 

Flore, caucalide flore lini. jnmundi. magn (leg. 
m) a uiole duarwm/ supra dictarum. de biolam -£- 
i<de >mino(re). partes duas. de maiore. partem/ 
unam. magma, autem. talem no<n sit> secundum. 
compositionem./ laz (at eras.) uri. sed tantum cum 
aqua de lilio. autem. ueneto maiore/ partem una. 
ista mag (698 C)mata. flent. ambas, jnlignum 
detritum./ hutiliter. reponentur. jn uas uitreum. 
magmata duo uiole autem/ minorem. simutim. 
facies magma, et de lilio ueneto. maiore/ simutim 
facies magma, deinde mittis dea(l)bo (me eras.) 
idest. de c[u]o/ callida. et de tenio partes, duas. et 
de uiola minorem. partem, i. et/ maiorem partem, 
i. alumen. egiptius. spuma. (698 D) [de magma/ 
quattuor, specierum. alumen.] solidi v. sapone ex 
axungia sine (pul eras.)/ cal(i eras.)ce ~- i. ista 
decoques. modicum, teres [unguatum]. ex ne(r)- 
biarum/ uuatum libram i. posthec <c>ommisce 
magma, decocta. cum ipso/ 

Fol. 225 R°. 

uuatum. et comisce. cum coctione magme. et 
hutiliter. teres/ donee puluis fiat, tolles. posthec et 
pones, adsolem. Jstud est./ lulacim. zebe<l>lazuri. 
(698 E) zonta. et exfloribwj. compositum est 
flores./ neulacis. quod grege. ta. psia dicitur. alii. 
cameleo(n)ta collige flore/ et repone, et posthec. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 51 

ungue manus tuas exsapone. deuncto sine/ calce et 
deinde. fricas. intermanus. flores. et repones. 
jnuaso./ diuetri. [et re ponis.] facies donee, i psi 
flores. consum[m]antur. et re/ positum. jnuaso 
(699 A) cooperis. utiliter. inlocum calidum et 
aperies./ cognosce, donee, fiat, ueniti (c)olores. et 
posthec dimittes eum./ discopertum tantum cum- 
panno. cooperis tantum. munde et tollis/ de uuatum. 
uiride. et decoques. exnerbiata. decoques. cumhur- 
ina./ expumata. donee solbantur. folia. Et tarn diu 
quoquis. quo[d]adusqwe/ consum[m] a(n eras.)tur 
ipsa [a] urina. et fiat, pin (699 B) guis. jpsa. coctio. 
et de/ mitte. ut re [c]fricdet. et tolles deflore neula- 
cis. libras. iii. ipsud/ autem uuatu libras ii. Et 
cinnaba<ri>n. dimidia -f-. Et comisce te(ri)e./ 
munditer. cooperies ipsum mortariura. et demitte 
ilium, requiesce(re)/ Et tolles. o(stri)a. et mundas. 
jntus. et foris. hutiliter et delabas./ ut nee sordes 
dimitta. nee linum. et tolles ipsa, o (699 C) stria. 
et repone (s)./ jncaccabo nouo et dequoques. jn 
fornace donee ardeat et flat/ puluis. Et re[c]fricdas. 
teres simutim. utiliter. tolles. ex/ ipso puluerem. libe 
i. et tolles. jarim mundum et mittes jnalia./ urina. 
dispumata. et ter[r]es. diutlus. donee turbuletur. 
ipsa urina./ et fiat uiridis. et posthec ex ipsa, hurina. 
turbula. comiscis./ jnipsu mortarium. et (699 D) 
defricas bene, et repones. jnuaso nouo/ et pone adso- 
lem diem una. Et post cooperies et linies et pone/ 



52 A Classical Technology 

jnfornace de uitriario. superius. die una. et exies 
(leg. — et). lazuri./ 

Russeum uero de tubus spe(ras.) citbus com- 
(699 E) ponitu(r). hec coquitu(r)sic tolle lacca. 
teres, hutiliter. et comisce cumhurina. expumata/ 
et decoqu.es. bene lento igni. et'<in> ipsa coctione 
mittis. -r- i. lulaci./ solidum. i. et trita hutiliter. 
demitte desidere. adsolem. 

Alia/ compositio uermiculi. 

mittis uermiculum. libram i. coccarin libram i./ 
coc(c)arin. nascitur. sicut. superius (700 A) dictum 
est. jnfolia. cedri[n]./ non tritate. depost fornace 
(que cancell. ut uidetur) lazurin. primum. -f- com- 
isce te(re)s/ hutiliter jnmortario. et mittes. hurina. 
dispumatam. libras xv. 

Fol. 225 V°. 

Et mittis jncaccabo nouo dequoques. donee addi- 
midiam ueniat./ partem jpsa hurina. et ateres jpsa 
crana. cum (ras. ) cinabarin/ jnlinteolo. delabas 
sicut superius. continet<ur>. donee consu (700 
B)/ matur. et post hec reponis. adsolem. 

Alia compositio uermi/ culi. 

Uermiculum. libra dimidia. alii uermiculi. -r* vi. 
psimitti./ vi. lulacim. -=- trita hutiliter. ponis. jncac- 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 53 

cabo addis hurinam/ expumata. libre x. et mittis 
inlenteolo. raro pisas ip (700 C) sum. coccum/ 
delabas. jnhurina. et iterum pissas. delabas hurina. 
donee, expenda/ tur. jpsud (ras.) coccum. sed de- 
coque donee beniat. jpsa hurina. addimf/ diara par- 
tem, et reponis ad solem. 

Pandius purpurei colorem./ 

Conpositus. ex. iiii. (s)peciebaj lulacim. quianus. 
cinnabarin. lacca/ E[t] qui[bu]s ponderibwj. trita. 
et conponis. jnuaso uitreo. (700 D) et ponis ad- 
solem/ donee de(si)cetur. 

DE METALLO. 

De metallo adauro coquendo jndicamus nobis. 
comodo coctum. fieri possit. depinguetudinem. et 
abdum/ jpsum metallum. jnuentu fuerit faci<t>e 
uasum. quod deipsum. metallum/ recipere debeat 
(700 E) libras xx. et postea mittite cumipso uaso 
infornace/ et sufflare. adignem. ad (leg. ab)ora 
prima ad hora sexta. postea ue(r)o./ <in> pin- 
guitudine. metali. mittendum est corallum. libre ii. 
amoniacos./ fundatum. c[a]ucumarwm. libra salbe. 
dica. libre/. ii. cera alba adsufficientem./ quantum 
p<l>us fuerit unctum. libre. ii. tatarum. libra i. 
coctum. de omnem/ pigmentum. per semetipsum. 
singulis, jn tra<n>tem. (701 A). 



54 A Classical Technology 

quod uos legitis. nos/ (o corr. ex u)mam. pro- 
batum. habens (leg.-mus). si<t> isto. delectabile. 
quia tres metalla. adau(r)u/77./ coquendo continet. 
et alium metalum. jndicamus. uobis. cocendum sed 
plus uero. disculum erit. qua<m> metallum auri. 
qui ipsum. cocere uoluerit. sicut/ ros. odore. erit. et 
inipso. uaso. ubi coctum. fuerit. mitte [n] t [ern] 
prima/' uero coctura pice. a[r]dasta medietate | ~:: 
B) liber, alia uero pe(rs)u(s)a./ uetrum. Mas- 
talo. tertia uero. coctura stagnum. liber, ii. qui 
ipsum/ metal lumadopera saluam. producit. et dum 
coctum fue(r)it. [Et] sic istud que jnipsum me- 
talum. mixtum fuerit. adpul(be eras.)berem. [ad- 
pulberem] uertitur. quia probatum est. 

DE PRASIXUS. TERA. 

Deprasinus te(rr) [e]a/ est uiridis. et ipse lapis, 
[terrea uiridis] exquo metalo manatur. argen/ turn 
nascitur. autem et ipsa, terra, jnlocis. petrosis ubi 
inueniuntur/ multa. metala. et diuersis. coloribz/.c 
ista petra. trita. albas benas. habet. ' et decocta. exe- 
unt, nigra, sic enim probatu(r corr. ex. am), com- 
minuta. post cac ( ti ) onem/ jntus. ut ^701 D) argen- 
ti. colores. ostendit. iste lapis, quod exiet argentu/n. 
telle/ 

Eol. 226 R\ 

Ex <i>pso metalo <in>fornace enim superius 



From Codex Lucensis, 4go 55 

prime cathmi[i]e. mittis. ipsum./ metallum. jnca- 
tia. camini. et inple ca(r)bonibwj et decoques ut 
superius diximus/ jusu ligna. et sus<u> carbones. 
et decoques et fundis. jndie una. et dimittis./ re- 
[c]fricdare inipso loco, et posthec tollis ipsa, massa. 
et (701 E) comminues./ minutatim remittis. jnipso 
camminu772 sicut primum. Et cum illud. plumbum./ 
remininum. in c. (c eras.) libm masse plumbi. xv. 
et coquis sicut prius p^rdies. iii./ posthec. ia. eice. 
ipsaw. massa. Et committis. incaliclo. et conflas. per* 
duasora(s). (702 A)/ 

DE LAPIS ADAMAN<S>. 

Lapis adama<ns> nascitur. ex ca (tcorr.exh)h- 
mia et auri coctione/ jnprima con<s>trictione. 
massa. e post prima coctura dum confringis ma(ss)a/ 
omnis massa. [et] confringitur. lebiter. isa. autem. 
remanet. alia magna, alia minima/ qui (702 B) bus 
ferrum non dominatur. nee aliud quit aliorum. 
lapidum. ipsa autem potes(ti)s/ turn (leg. potest 
istum) <istum> autem qui omnibwj. preualet. 
solum plumbum <dominari>. potest, et hec est. 
plumbi potentia/ tollis plumbum femininum. fac- 
ilem. et mollem. et solbis. jnloco. et iactas. ibi./ 
ipsum adamantem parem quam uolueri sup(ti)liare. 
et lento, igni suscendi(s). plumbum et dum ceperit. 
sub (702 C) pitliare continue cum mordace. tolle 



56 A Classical Technology 

et insapone/ exoleo. operies et posthec tollis leniter. 
mundissime. eoquod sit. debilis. est/ enim fracilis 
plusquam plumbum, eoquod salbatur. inipsa plum- 
bum./ et deinde. tolle illud. deipsos sapones. quan- 
tum uolueris. subtilia (re)./ et post mitte jnigne 
diligemter. [et candet]. per horas. duas. uel tres./ 
donee candet. uti (702 D) liter, deinde tolle. dela- 
bas. et exiet. adamans. cui/ ignis, non dominatur 
nee ferrum dissipatur. laboras non <re> corda 
<n>tur proquod/ omnia. immita(r)e que uolueris. 
operare. 

DE CONQUILIUM./ 

Conquilium. nascitur. in omne ma(r)e (702 E) 
plus quamjnin(s)ula. jnhis lacis./ conculaw. habet. 
jnse locum, sanguinis et sanguis, rabeus. porfiri/ zon- 
tas. exquo porfira. tinguitur colligitur. autem. sic 
tolle. conquilium/ quoquis (corr. ex-pis) ipsum 
sanguine/w. cum camibus et tolle moriaw. de mare, 
aut/ salis mori[t]<e> et conponis. inuas. et dimit- 
tis. (703 A). 

DE TI<N>CTIO PORFIRE/ 

Ti<n>ctio. porfire. tolle alumen. alexandrinum. 
et te(r[r])es utiliter et pone/ jngabata et mittis. 
super calda<ria>m. bullientem et pmnoue diutius. 



From Codex LucensiSj 4Q0 57 

Et/ dimftte. residere. et posthec cola, ipsam. calda 
<ria>m. Et. exagi[n]ta[t]./ mitte ibi. quod habes. 
[(s) ]tingue(re) et quod per<ex>fet. di (703 

B) mitte. duosdies./ et post dies duos commobe. et 
fac quod iosususu. 

DE DIFERENTIA./ EXAURATIONIS. 

Differentia. Exaurationis. Si<t>inligno gum- 
ma./ a[g]migdale [jn]infusa die una. deinde te- 
(r)es. u(ti) liter, ipsam cummam. cum aqua. (703 

C) et addito. grogum. quod sufficit tingue ipsam 
aquam./ 

Fol. 226 V°. 

Cumgumam. Et ex<te>pefacta. omnia: lento 
igni. ut necesse fuerit./ opera ri<t>. inligno. 
j<n>prwnnis. uel inparietibwj. tollis albumen, obi 
subtile/ et addito gracum. quod sufficit tingue et 
commixta et teritarum (leg. re) ponis. jnuaso uitreo. 
line leo<n>. -f- i. gumma jnfusa -f- i. grogum/ 
quod sufficit. com (703 D) misce [t]. cum aqua, 
dequoque ista. tria capitula./ ubi necesse [t] est. 
jnexauratione. petalarwm operare. 

De conpo/ sitio linei<leon>. 

Conpositio line li eum. liber, ii. gumma, -r- 
resina./ suppini -f- omwfa. trita dequoquam. jnuaso 
terre. (703 E). 



58 A Classical Technology 

DE LINELEO<N>/ 

Lineleon. [exauratione] . lineleon. liber ii. gum- 
ma -f- resina./ -f- i. grocu. solidus. ii. ista trita. 
et commisce quemadmodum./ superius. (704 A). 

De operatio externitu(re). 

Operatic externiture/ exaurationis (s)i super 
pelle cruda. jmmobilem tinctam. aut expsi/ mitthin 
[mittis] aut exaliquo. quolor<e>. externitu(m 
corr. ex r) <erit>ista griso/ petala. reponuntur. 
et post, desiccationem. de super lineleon./ pmingue. 
ex<com>positione. quod supe (704 B) rius docui- 
mus. ubi grocum./ componi. diximus. 

DE INDUCTIO EXORATIONIS/ 

Inductio exorationis. petala fiant. destagno [fiant 
aut] si<c> solbe/ bene ipsud. stagnum. efrundes. 
paulatim marmo(re). et facie (s)/ petala. subtilia. 
sicuti. exuitro. et (704 C) ponis. (s)icut. crisa. 
petala. ut/ supra docuimus et quoqz/es erba cele- 
donia. let exipsa. coctionewz/ colatam mitti -r- iii. 
crocum solidi iii. auripicmentum. solidus i./ 

DE CRISOCOLLON. 

Criscocollon. jnomnia. calcume cecuame (704 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 59 

D)-non -7- i./ sapone olei solidi iii. calcitarium. sol- 
idus i. ista cowmisce. primum./ ter[r]es. calcue[t] 
cumenon. utiliter. pulber. et ca<l>citarium/ simu- 
tim et comisce[m]. cum saponem. et quantum, 
necesse fue(r)it./ aqua ips (a corr. ex u) m. criso. 
collon. 

DE ALIA CRISO. COLLON./ (704 E). 

Alia crisocollon. calcucec (a corr. ex u) 
(u) menum. libra i. alumen. solidi ii. 

DE criso/ collon [aurum]. 

Crisocollo. aurum commixtum. cum argentum./ 
bibo. et posthec jntrat jn caliclo. donee ardetur 
ipsud argentu/w./ bibum. et post tolle. aurum. et 
te(rr)es. jnmortario munditer./ donee fiant. puluis. 
et (705A) <co>misce [t], illud. Cum saponem. 
exoleo quan<tum>/ sufficit. <ad> coctio<nem> 
crisocolli. 

DEARGENTICLUTEN. 

Argenti gluten/ [argenteo], argenti partes, duas. 
et heramen partem una/w./ 

DE ALIA ARGENTI CLUTE<N> 

Alia argenti gluten, argento mixto/ cum argento 
uibo. et ponis. jnignem donee, desiccetur. 



60 A Classical Technology 

Fol. 227 R°. 

Ipsud argento. uibo. et posthec te(r)es utiliter. 
donee fiat pulu.is./ commisce cumsapones. et aquas 
quod sufficit. 

DE ERAMENTI GLUTEN/ 

Aeramenti glutem aeramen. liber. (705 C) i. 
plumbi libre. ii. comisce(s) solbi(s)/ primura. aer- 
amen. deinde mittes plumbum, et comisces. jnunuzw./ 

DE STAGNI GLUTTEN. 

Stagni gluten, stagni parte (s) duas et plum/ bi 
(ras.) unara. (705 D). 

DE PETRE GLUTTEN. 

Pet(r)e glutten. marmoris. albe/ aridum. pu[l]- 
ber et. tolles, hictiocollon. -f- i. tauro collon. -f- 
i. et mit/ tis. cum aqua, cummixta. coquis dum 
bullierit. mittis pulber./ marmo(r)is. et facis gluten 
[s] ma(r)mo(r)is. (705 E). 

DE PETRE GLUTTEN/ (706 A) 

Petres cluten h(ras.) in(ti)collo. -=- ii. Casei 
glute. -?-. et mitte/ exipso pulbe(re) marmoris sicut 
supe(r)ius. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 61 

DE LIGNI GLUTTEN/ 

Ligni autem gluten taurocollon. simotim. ictio- 
collon [simotim]/ glutem aurum. autem et argen- 
tum. sicut superius d(ras.) ocuimus. jnexa/ ura- 
t<i>o. 

DE GLUTINATIO<LIGNORUM IN 
AQUA>. (706 B). 

Glutinatio <de>lingna jnaqua. ictio. collon. -~ 
i./ tauron. collon. -7- i. lacte fici[t] -J- i. titimalli. 
lac. -f- ista misce/ jnaqua. decoqw* < istud > est 
gluten ad scalphita. ligna. si lignum, jnlignum/ 
unum. extribus. supra dictis si autem. os(s)a jnligni 
(s) casei. gluten [t]./ -f- i. commixtum. cum. ictio- 
collon -T- ii. et mittis. decoqwes jnunum/ et gluten 
calidum calefacis. modicum. <et> ipsa ossa[et] 
inclutinas./ (706 C). 

DE LAPIS OREBUS/ 

Lapis ovtbus quem uocant alexandrini./ cathmia. 
nascitur. jnumidis locis. est autem. facilis. adpi/ 
sandum. est enim. niger. ingreditur. insolidatura. 
argenti./ (706 D). 

Delapis aeri(e)tis. 

Quemuocant [ur]. leo Co[n] pandiuw/ est enim. 



62 A Classical Technology 

terra, prasina. jnqua nascitur. crescentem autem. 
terra et refloriens (leg.-te) florent[es]. florem. al- 
bum. rotu(ras.)nd«m/ quadro agutum. posthec 
<con> sgringit et flet lapis flo(r)entem./ flo(re) 
const.(r)ingit. ter (706 E) ra. ipsa, prasina. et fient. 
petre. alie./ auri. colores. <alie> melini. alie. pan- 
dii. alie candidi[t]. que dum. p*rcussi[t]. fuerint. 
exiet. ignis, exipsis. egredietur. argen/tum. uibum. 
apri(ras.) le mens.e etmagio. excaliscente[t]. 
te(rr)a./ habundanter. flore. cabas, humidum. lu- 
cum. useqz/^/ adgenucalum. et dissaperies. terram 
inuenies./ flores. ueteres. duratos et aderent/ 

Fol. 227 V°. 

es terre factos. lapides. alie enim florierant. et 
induraue (707 A) runt./ et terre non(ras.) adese- 
runt. sed reman. se(ras.)runt. ut margaritas/ eo 
quod non coniu(n)xerunt. tempus. alia flore<t> 
conpetenti. tern/ pore sicut nibe. alba, quam cum 
inuener [it], is <is> tarn allebaft] (ras.) cum/ 
banga. terra, cumfloribwj. et mittis. inpila marmorea 
et dum/ inpleueris. mittis. aquam. et co(n)misce 
bene et te(r)ra que inea est/ jacta foris. et remane 
(707 B) (re), argentumuiuum (ras.) exiet. autem. 
et de/ metallo. argenti quando jnquoad incende(re) 
precurit. et cclligent/ illud. artifices. 

DELAPIS FUMICE 

Lapis fumice. nascitur. inu/ niuersis. locis. tritus. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 63 

increditur. incappo nouo (707 C)et mittitur 
jnfo(r)nace figuli. et coquitur bene, cooperi turn, 
hutf liter, ut non ingrediatu(r)/ aliqua immumditia. 
posthec eicitur et teritur. hutiliter. et inco<m>/ 
positione aurf. pro gemmam [en], ingreditur. jntem- 
peratiorwm i. e.-nem) decalam<inth>a./ 

DE CONPOSITIONE AURIPICMENTI 

Composftio. auri[c] picmenti/ triti. mundi. (707 
D) argenti uibi. ~ i. auro tremmisse -f-. aurwm 
autem battis/ et facies petalum. et mittis ipsa peta- 
lam. et ipsum argentum. uibum/ jnerulla ferrea. 
et incendis. donee solbatur. aurwm. et com- 
miscuatur./ tur. cum argento uibum. et post mittis. 
auri[c]picmentum. jnipsa./ erulla. modicum, et 
commixtionem. argenti uibi. et (707 E) decoqwes. 
bene et exa/ gi[n]ta. donee fiat, pandius. 

DE CALCU CECAUMENUM./ 

Calcuce caumenum. fiet. exaeramen. mundissimum 
petala. munda./ mittis. incaccabum. jnusitatum. 
ipsa petala. et sulfor. uibum/ tritum. sterni primum. 
ipsa/ petala. jncaccabum quantum, capet./ et post, 
hec aspargis. sulfor et post super (708 A) pone 
petala. et [de] inde. aspargis. sulfo(r) et postea 
super pone petala.] et ita. facis/ donee jmpleas. ipsum 



64 A Classical Technology 

caccabum. et post(ras.) pone jpsum. caccabum/ 
infornace uitrari<i>. coque per dies. iiii. et dum 
(re)fricdauerit. confrin/ ges. cumminute alumen. 
asianum. secundum compositionem./ sulforis. simul. 
cooperietur. jpse caccabum. et letatur. cum/ argilla. 
se<cun>dum opera (708 A) tionem. p(r)ioris. 
et coquitur. per dies vi. jpse/ autem. dum cumfrin- 
gatur. solbe. calcuce. caumenu/ 

[AD CLUTTAN AUREAM] DELET 
[AJRUAf, 

Ele<c>t[a]rum. comodo/ fiet. pone(s) dua(s) 
partes, argenti et eramenti. iii. et auri/ iii. aurwm 
et eraman. equi[bu]s <ponderibus>. (708 C). 

DE CLUTE<N> AURI./ 

Clutem auri. adfistulas. decrisoclabum./ 

Fol. 228 R°. 

[e]tarici. — i. calcu (ras.) cetaumenum. -~ ii. 
afronitrum. -f- i./ sapone exoleo sine calce -i- i. 
uitriolum. solidi ii. acetu dimidio •—/ aqua, -f-/ i. 
et commisce et pone modicum. <dum> tepidis gat 
glut<en>. [ade griso. clabi]/ (708 D). 

DE LIT[T]ARGIRUM. 

Lit[t]argiri conpositio aliut quidem explumbum./ 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 65 

aliut exargento. compositionem. quem explumbo. 
fiet. sic componis./ plumbum, inponis. jncaccabo. 
potius femininum. et molle. et soluis/ illud. bene 
deinde cum solutu (ras.) (s) fuerit. (708 E) cum- 
pistillo ligneo friga/ plumbum et incensetur. mittis 
cinus cum. carbonibwj. uiu.is. [h]ac/ teres, et iterum 
mittis cinus. et non desinas. terendo quo [d] ad/ 
usque facias, eum. ut pulue(re)m. et post labas. eum. 
exaqua. si autem/ uolueris. turn, ut stringa[n]- 
t<ur>. et fia[n]t. spissus. mittis. jncaliclo cum/ 
oleo. et calef actum, adunatur. et dum refricdaue- 
(r)it. frangis. caliclu(s)./ et exiet. ut pisus. (709 
A). 

DEALIO COMPISI<TIO> LITARGI<R> 

I. 

Alia compositio lit[t]a(r)/ giri. exargen (ras.) 
to fiet. sic confla ( [turn] argento. et ilia sorditie 
que/ exeo. exiit. trita. cumoleo. jntra secundum. 
superio(r)i. conpositione./ plus autem. jncendit. 
propter, fortitudinem. argenti plumbi. autem. litar- 
giron./ an (709 B) tequam solidetur. intrat. cum- 
aqua. inuituminatione. testea. dum/ autem a<s> 
tri(n)xerit. ubi uoluerit. (leg. bollierit) necessar- 
ium erit. (deest aliquid). 

DE[C]EMCAUSIS/ 

[C]encausi. prima, argenti et eramenti aspri calci. 



66 A Classical Technology 

battis aurwm/ et facis petalo<s>. subtiles. [tenues]. 
et post mittis. ar(709 C)gentum uibum et ipsa 
petala. solbes donee solbatur. fpsut aurum. si autem./ 
minuetur. argentum. uibum. a(d)dis donee coquatur. 
aurum/ deinde mittis. jntestum et cumalio testum. 
testu/ ter[r]es. usque quo [d] ad tenuetu.r. et com- 
miscatur./ aurum. cumargento uibo. et rade[ba]s. 
quod habes jnaurare. pmingues/ modicum, excale- 
faci(a corr. ex i)s. et exprimis. cumlin — (709 D) 
teolo mundo. sic totum./ exterges. quod aurum re- 
manet mittis. inignem probas. similiter./ et una et 
duas. jnaurationes. inuas nouum mittis. si aute. 
lebi-/ter. semel. unctum est. [et] defricas. cumferro. 
cande(n)s ilium/ et coloratur. deinde. micas, panis. 
defricad illud donee/ elimpida<tur>. colorem 
similis est. et inauratio ferri/ sed primum. alumina — 
(709 E) tur. tolles. parte (m corr. ex s)./ bitrio- 
l(u corr. ex a)m. et modicum, sal et ace/ turn, [tam 
mum)] jncaliclum./ calefac et exinde./ 

Fol. 228 V°. 

ungues, ferrum. ubi habes. jnaurare. hec est 
jnauratio prima, qui/ autem uitrum. inaurat. tolle 
pa<r>tem. de cluta. piscis. et partem de gum/ ma. 
amigdole. et [mittis]. infunde. et coque et ungues, 
ipsum. uas./ et concide. subtiliter. petala (a corr. 
ex u) uri. pone, secundum, similitudinem/ (710 A) 
qwoduis facere. similiter, et lapidem. labas. cumaquas 
similiter/ et lignum, et dum siccabe(r)it. gluttina- 



From Codex hucensis, 4Q0 67 

[tio]. cum a[c]mattita. [lapide]/ aut cumferro. 
defrica. 

DE CRISOGRAPHIA. 
Crisografia./ expetalis. croco uetrissimo tolles. 
radices, deipso flore[s]./ et ter(7io B)res. diutius. 
tolles. obum. et aperies proice primum. sequ^nti/ 
qwod exiet. albumen, suscipe inipso. crocum. et te- 
(r)es utiliter./ ungue. et superpone. petala. 

DE TERTIA GRISOGRAFIA/ 

Tertia crisografia. tolle argentum uibura. cum- 
miscefm] cum/ aurwra sit. inter (710 C) rationem 
et teres bene mittis incaliclo. et pones./ Jnprimis 
(leg. in prunis). donee dissicetur. ipsum. argen- 
tum. et remane (a corr. ex t)/ auru. jnualidum. et 
deinde mittis. jnmortario. marmo(r)eo/ etcumpis- 
tillo ferreo. teres ipsud auro. et mittes. inaqua/ 
decoquafn] <ur> similiter, mittis. jncomposi- 
tionem ipsa, aquara. de gum/ mam teres, utiliter. et 
pones, jnampullam. (710 D) et suspende adsole/ 
ubi uolueris. cumipso calamo. cumquo scribere 
[scribe quod], uolueris. similiter, argentum. et era- 
mentumcumponis. 

DE TI<n>TIO. PETA/LORUM. 

Tinctio petalorum. stagnu. tolle. crocum. mun- 



68 A Classical Technology 

dura./ -f- i. auri [c] pigment (i corr. ex u) boni. 
(710 E) fessi. -r- ii. et teres, mitens/ gumma di- 
midia. -r- et lineleon. -j- dimidia. et aqua/ plubia- 
(ras.) le. aut dulce comisce. et bulliantur. et pos/ 
commisce (c corr. ex f) infectiones. teres, bene, et 
tolle cumspu<n>gia./ unge ipsa, petala. et dum 
desiccauerit. secundo unge et desiccata/ tolle. uni- 
cinum. et deinde frica. ut splendea<t>. (711 A). 

DE SULFOR [COMODO]/ 

Quomodo. sulfor. quoquitur. coque[n]. lardum. 
et exipso. oleo/ tolle liber, ii. et sulforis terram. 
libre. iiii. mittis. incac/ cabo (ras.). trita ipsam 
terram. et bullies, secundo/ uel. iii. fundis latere./ 
(7ii B). 

Fol. 229 R°. 

DE CATMIA. 

Cathmia. compositio. sic eramen mundum. libra 
i. calcitarin./ — ii. afro nit<r>o -f- i. sulfur, -f- 
i. hec mittis incalic(l)o et soluentur inunum/ et co- 
quentur donee, conburatur. ipsut eramen. et cal- 
<c>itarin. et lauantu(r)./ ea que remanent, cath- 
mia quignus eramen. partem unam. (711 C) et 
plumbi./ parte, i. tripsis nitri -f- i. cladtarin. -4~ i. 
afronitrum ~- i. comixta[m]./ et combusta. com- 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 69 

misce[t] cumaceto (ras.) et reponis. adsolem. et 
sicca [t]./ tres. amfions. fiet sic tolles. plumbum, 
molle. et solbe[t]. inuaso/test<e>o. forte, et ma- 
iorem. ut sufferat. tritura. tolles. pistillum./ et mit- 
tis. carbones. cumcinos. supraplumbum. priusquam. 
re[c]/fricde<t>. (711 D) p^rmobes. illud. cum- 
pestillo. leniter. et bene, donee. adtenue<tur>/ 
subtilis. ipsum plumbu inmittis. cinos. cumcarboni- 
bus et teres/, posthec mittis. ingabata. lignea. et 
delabas. posthec componis./ incaccabo. nouo cum- 
sulfur. et decoqw^. per iii <dies>. 

DE. COMPOSITIO/ AFRONITRI/ (711 E) 

Compositio. afronieri. secunda que et qwmtur. a 
gluete/ auri. et argenti. uel eramenti. nitro. egiptium 
libra i. sapone deaxungia/ sinecalce libra i. teres 
hutiliter. et commisce. deinde autem. adsolem/ ponis. 
aut incalido loco, hutileest. aglutem auri. adargen- 
tum. autem/ propter mollitiam argenti. Componi- 
tur <sic> [molliat] duas partes desapones)/ et una 
deuitro. (712 A). 

De Compositio brandisii. 

Compositio brandisii./ Eramen partes ii. plumbi. 
parte i. stagni parte, i. 

Dealia. compositio/ brandis. ii. 

Alia compositio. brandisii. Eramen. par (712 B) 



70 A Classical Technology 

tes ii./ plumbi. partem, i. uitri. dimidium Et stagni 
dimidiura. commisces./ et conflas. fundis. secu<n>- 
dum. mensurara. uasoni7?z. facit. Et agluten/ 
Eramenti Cumafrinitru. 

DE CUMPOS7 TIO CINNABARI (M corr. 
exN)/ Compositio. cinnabarim. alithinus. [mundi] 
spume, exargenti uibi./ et sulforis uibi. partes ii. 
Et ipsa miin/ dissimara. tolle. ampullara. <sul> 
for<is>. et sineiumum. quia et colorem/ sulfor 
<facit> tritum et mixtum. argentum. uibum. mit- 
tis. jnampullara/ non plena minus, abentem -— ii. 
quod si maior. est. et iii. 4- minus./ habeat et mixta. 
exagi[n]ta. et fa cies. fornacem mi (712 D) no- 
rem./ uitriari<i>. ut ampulla, larga <sit> et 
capiat, et dimittis. <in> locum, unde./ ampullam. 
ingrediatu.r. et diuides. cannas. et inde (ras. ) in- 
cendis./ fornacem. dimittis. et aliam fe(ras.)nes- 
trellam. minorem/ unde. exalet. flamam jncircuitu. 
signum. autem coctionis./ hoc est. dum uideris. ubi 
ambulla. minus habet porflri/ 

Fol. 229 V°. 

zon. tarn fumum. et colore, facientem ut cinaba — 
(712 E) rim. desinis succe<n>de/ re. nam. ex- 
multo. jncendio. ampulla, crepat. et dum percoctum. 
fuerit/ dimittes eum refricdare. 

DE IARIM QUOMODO DEBEAT. FACERE/ 
Quomodo. debeat. iarim. facere. tolles. lamnas. 



From Codex Lucensis, 40° 7 1 

eramenti. et derade/ bene, et suspende. sup^r acetum. 
et colectlonem quam facit. rades./ et collige [DE 
LULAX Lulax idest indicum]/ (713 A) com- 
positio iarim -~ ii./ uitrioli. mundi. -f- iiii. alumen 
egyptium -f- ii. uuato — ii. ipsum autera/ uuato. 
simoti pisa. munditer. iarim uero. et uitriolo. et 
alumen. <mittes>/ inunum. et tolles saponem. 
exoleas <-f-> iii (713 B) et sale dimidzVz -*- et 
con/ misces. jnipsas. iii. species, postquod pisa- 
<ta>s commisce[t]. dili/ genter. secundo. cum- 
sapone. et deinde. tolle. uua. tu pisa eum/ ut oportet 
commisce(re) [t]. ipsu Cum supradictis. specie- 
bus et/ defricas diligenter. et dimittis diligenter. 
diem. i. requiesce/ (re) [t] (ras.) 

Confectio eris hec est. hurinam. mu.ndam. libra 
i. requiesce/ re et ipsum (i. e.-sam). dispu-(7i3 C) 
mata. [et] commisce cumipsas. species et te/res. 
diutius. [et] si est. caccabw^ ferreus. si non. jntesteo 
mittis/ et decoques. [Signum coctionis.] donee 
ueniat. ad iii. partem/ et tolle gypsum, coctum. bene 
pisatum mittis. dimundia -f- et tolle/ coctionem. 
comisce. gipsum. et defrica. diu[c]tius. et mittis./ 
jnuaso. et ponis. adsolem. et dum extri<n>xerit 
frangi spetia./ et ponis (ras.) ilia siccare. (713 D). 

DE CONFECTIO FICARIM./ 

Confectio ficarim. tolles. laca mundissima. libra. 



72 A Classical Technology 

i. et de/ coque cumhurina. expumata. \ibre v Etde- 
coqw^s mundite(r)/ non dimittas. supra modum. 
bullire. et tolle ossa. cranci./ munda. et (713 E) 
incende munditer. et te(r)es. quod sufficit. com- 
misceft]. inlaco. et tolle. similja. jnfusa inaqua. 
deliqua/ bene, pfnguis. autem. sit ilia, deliquatio et 
pisa. inunum./ bene, idest. ossa grand et lacca. et 
[ipsa deliquatio./ simile et comisce]. mittis inuaso. 
et desiccas. adsolem/ hutiliter. flcarim./ (714 A). 

Fol. 230 R°. 

Et dimitte alios, iii. dies, et posthec. exagi[n]ta. 
similiter, et dimitte/ alios, viii. dies et exagita. 
deinfra diem, et posthec tolle inde. et mitte/ 
aliut alumen. et facis exinde. aliam tinctionem. et 
mitte ibi. et post/ tolle ipsam urina. expumatam. 
semel. et (714 B) pos[e]hec mitte. jncaccabo./ 
ereo et tolle. ipsum conquilium. et laba. leuiter. 
semel jnaqua./ et posthecteres hutilite(r). pone jn- 
panno ra(r)o <e>t delaba jnipsa urina./ caccabi. 
et post. hec. de sa<n>guine porcino et inde frica. 
et ipsum/ bene (s)imiliter laua. sa<n>guinew. 
autem. porcinum. [gri] aridura libra, conquilius/ 
-j- iii. [de sanguines porci]. Et (714 C) posthec 
labas. semel modi. Cum et/ desicca mitte incaccabo. 
et fac bollire seciuido et te(re)e. [caccabi]. sub/ 
eodem modo liber, coquilii. cumsanguine. idest. viii. 
-— conquilii/ et iii. sangu(i)ni<s> porcini. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 73 

[DE HOXSI PORTIONES./ 

Oxi portiones.] et mitte jnunum. (714 D) mitte 
jneadem. tinction^z/quoquod uolueris. tantum exa- 
lumen. si autem. uolueris plus mundit(er) tingue- 
(re) mitte <in>unum. caccabum. sicut primum. 
fiet tmm et tertia tinctio/ eodem modo. 

DE PORFIRO CITRINO. 

Porfiro cidrino prius autem. tingit (714 E) citri- 
ne et posthec jntrat. intinctionera. ubi tingitur por- 
fir (us) [us]./ 

DE CRISORANTISTA. 

Crisorantista crisorcatarios. [s]ana. me<mi>/ 
gminos. meta ydr[os]. argiros. [et] chetes. cinion 
[chetis.] chete./ [y] spureorum. [i]psi<mi>cion. 
ydr[os.] argyros. che[t]raatha. aut a<na>baleti 
(s)./ sceugna(s)ias. d (a corr. ex u) u(f)fira. [h] 
ecnamix(s) an<tes>. (715 A) chisimon. p. diati. 
te(h)reu/ pulea sibuli. 

\ 

DE A<U>RI SPARSIO. 

A<u>ri sparsio crisopandio./ puluer. auri triti. 
sicut superius diximus. Cum desicatione/ argenti 



74 d Classical Technology 

uibi [jdest pulper auri] partes duas. et iarim. partem 
i./ (ras.) commisce turn (leg. cum) compositione 
(715 B) daufira Etidispone exinde/ quod uolueris. 

ARGIROSANTISTA. 

Argirosantista. argentum./ mundum. commisce 
cumargento. ufbo. et deinde. tolle ipsum/ argentum. 
et te(r)es. donee fiat, puluis. et commisce turn. (leg. 
cum) cumpo/ sitione (715 C) da aufira. et dispone, 
ubi uolueris. 

DE ALIA ARGENTIS/ PARSIO. 

Alia argenti sparsio. paridio. tolle argentum mun- 
dum/ mitte. jncaliclo. et depone, inigne donee de- 
<i>citur. argento uibum./ et post. (715 D) tolls 
argenti partes ii. et iarim. partem, i. et com/ misce 
excompositions. deaufira. et dispone./ 

DE PETRA QUI DICI<TUR> SMIRA/. 

PETRA qui dicitur./ 

Fol. 230 V°. 

Smira. jncende. omnem uitrum. (715 E). 

DE TERRA QUE UOCATUR. LIMNIA. 
Terra qui uocatur. limnia. que est alba, subpor/ 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 75 

f(ras.)ira. nascitur. inpetrossis locis. et his signis. 
cognoscis/ earn. Cum infusa fuerit sonumda stridoris. 
alumen uero./ uiridem et porfiruw. omn? tingue et 
craberillium. et (h)u(n corr. ex c) cinum/. 

terra nigra. 
Autem./ Jn<e>gyptu etafrica. et (716 A) ine- 
bilat et initalia. nascitur. nomis (leg. nominatur) 
autem Eoqwod est fusca. nascitwr. jnhu/ midis. lo- 
cis. jnuallibz^. exea. tinguitur. russeum com mixta/ 
cumaceto. cocta. rede colorem. et posthec reber[a]- 
titur. jncoc/ cum. 

de lapis, focaria. 

Lapis que dicitur. focaria. exqua/ (716 B) eramen 
[co] quoquitur. nascitur. emim. et alius, similis/ 
unum dum percutitur. mitti. s<c>intillas. raras. 
est. et rubeu(s)./ et igneus. colorew habens eramen- 
ti. et dum <in>igne. missus/ fuerit ut probetur 
jncenditur. et colorem. non muta/ tur. colle-(c corr. 
ex t). turn autem. et contritum minutatim. Et/ col- 
lects massa. et cum letamen. uobinum. aut. capri- 
num/ et palea. coopertum. jncen (716 C) dis. per 
dies. ii. et noctes ii./ donee consumetur. ipsu letamen 
jnfornace. autem/ ipsud possis. coquere. eteramen. 
et plumbum, et post/ quodre fricdaberit. colligitur. 
ipse lapis, qui iam coctus/ est. et prima. pensi<o> 



76 A Classical Technology 

nem. pensas. libre ccc. jnprima/ coctura. jnqua minu- 
tis. carbonem. cofinos. x. Et <ini>cito/ fasces 
detela. et dum ingre(s)si fueris (leg.-int?), jnope/ra 
[et incera]. omnia, dimittis. stare, et re[c]fricda 
(re)/ ut non cur (r) at. sicut plumbum aut ierrum 
aut cera metallata./ Eoquod piger. fiat. Et dum se. 
re[c]fricdaberit Comminues/ minutatim. et incor- 
nacem. conflat (u corr. ex a) m. operaris. exeo./ 
(7i6 E). 

DE LAPIS FISSOS 

Lapis fissus nascitur jncappa/ docia. asia. iberia. 
et initalia. est enim fuscos etfur/ tis. et dum com- 
minutus fueri<t>. inuenies jneum. uenas./ albas, 
dum uero. incensu(s) fuerit. fiet rubeus. quern ale- 
xandrini uoca<n>t[ur]. cat(h)mia. eoquod confla 
uitrum. nascitur/ autem. jnaltis locum et uentosis. 
est enim ipse lapis/ crepidinoswj. (717 A). 

DE LAPIS AGATIS 

Lapis gagatis/ similis colons. auri[c]picmenti 
non enim. sic multum/ 

Fol. 231 R°. 

uiridis. quidz/ra ru<m>pitur. ignem. e[t]mitti. 
et flnditur <in> [lajminimas./ lamnas pro quod 
a[d]lexandrini uocant eum petram. plana, exqua/ 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 77 

fiet ceramarmor. qui pisatur. sub (717 B) tiliter. et 
mittis libram i. deipso/ lapide. et duas. tauro. collo. 
et aque. libra? v. et bis et tertio/ bullie(n)s adsidue. 
commisce [n]s. et fiet. ceramarmor./ 

DE LAPIS TRACHIAS. 

Lapis trachias. nascitur. in (ras.) uniuersi(s)/ 
locis. uiridis. fissus. fuscus. conbustus. (717 C) fiet 
al (b corr. ex u) us. mittitur./ in caalimia. inmun- 
datione. argenti./ 

COMMENTARY 

Comm.l. 

Fol. 211 Vo., I. The constant recurrence of pro- 
thetic h is a Spanish symptom: likewise the use of 
aforas. Passing to section III, the letters etertia 
must conceal a designation for some measure which 
is easily supplied, viz. sextaria for sextarium, Fr. 
setier. The remaining letters gestatu are a deforma- 
tion of yrjs aarepos t. e. terra stellaris. As for hlei see 
the glossary, and note that the syllable far in a cur- 
sive style will easily fall out before por. The mean- 
ing and antiquity of these recipes are shown by Plin. 
N. H. XXXVI 181: Maltha e cake fit recenti. 
Glaeba vino restingitur, mox tunditur cum adipe 



7 8 A Classical Technology 

suillo et ficOj duplici lenimento; quae res omnium 
tenacissima et duritiam lapidis antecedens. Quod 
malthatur oleo perfricatur ante. 

682 C. For uitria read uitrio <lo>. 

682 D. Here, as often, a series of marginal nota- 
tions in* the archetype. As for the de anthismis 
etc. that was a bad probatio penae declamatio, 
de anthismis j misread and then copied into the text. 

675 C. For mira one must read s?nira. 

676. A. Principalis seems to mean an ore as source 
for a metal. 

676 DE. A longer version of the preceding re- 
cipe. 

678 D. For meditationem read medicationem : 
symptom of cursive archetype. 

678 E. Post egluza means posthec luza. 

680 C. The syllable quern fell out after guem 
in the archetype. 

681 C. The syllable er in lulacerin seems due to 
the analogy of cinnabarin, iarin, ficarin, iarin. 

682 E. Cod for quod seems to be an Italian symp- 
tom; to be assigned to the copyist. 

683. B. Amodis for admodum shows a misunder- 
stood abbreviation in the archetype. 

684 C. Petreg for petres (gen.) shows a peculiar 
form of s. 

685 D. The line at the top of 220 Vo. is a pro- 
batio pennae. 






From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 79 

686 D. extr. Read tamarix arbor palustris est. 
Cf. C. C. Gl. L. V, 22, 227. 

687 D. Read tamarix arbor es palustris. 

678 A. Perhaps quod ex resinas colea is a series 
of blunders for: quod est crisocollon, what chryso- 
coll is. If so, terras must then be bracketed. 

687 B. extr. Fragmentary and doubtful. 

688 D. Medio loco recalls Fr. milieu. 

689 C. With prinder compare O. Fr. prindrai. 

689 D. I am unable to determine the true mean- 
ing of this zumbri, tiumbri, which recurs A 16, Cap. 
82. It cannot be Sp. azumbre: perhaps azufre? 
(K 9252, ML 8443). 

690 B. Poteat is formed on the analogy of debeat. 

691 A. Adluminentur seipse : double reflexive. 

692 D. For pellis read polis, polish. 

694 D. Frica, lectio dubia. The scribe in his 
inability to decipher the archetype vainly essayed to 
reproduce its writing. 

699 D. Linies after the analogy of cooperies. 

699 E. Coccarin formed like jarim, cinnabarin, 
lilacerin, ficarim, cedrin. 

701 A. The archetype had probably u with the 
bar which was misread uero for uer(d), Low Latin. 

703 DE. These two sections, which are mere var- 
iants of the same recipe, or rather constitute a ditto- 
graphy, have been combined in the translation. 

705 E. Petres reflects the Greek genitive. 



) 



80 A Classical Technology 

706 CED. This tangle of strange statements 
seems due to a confusion of two objects having the 
same name aetites, one a stone the other a plant. ( See 
Th. L. L. Aetites 1 and 2, Plin. N. H. XXIV 139 
for the plant, a sort of clematis.) 

707 B. For precurit read praecurrent. C. Since 
temperatiorum must be changed to-ionem. we see 
that somewhere along the line, there was an arch, 
in semiuncials, of the Roman type of course. 

709 E. Cluta piscis is a translation of icthyocol- 
lon. 

711 B. For comburatur read combinantur (com- 
bine) ? Or combibantur? 

712 C. Ipsa must be changed to pisa. 

713 C. Dimundia results from misunderstanding 
abbreviated dimidia. 

714 E-715 B. Our translation is based on the 
following Greek text, very bad Greek we admit but 
not worse than the Latin elsewhere, containing, 
again like the Latin, words or even meanings not 
otherwise quotable. 

*X.pv(TopavTL<jT7]s. xpwos Ka&dpios dra< /A€> /uy/jivos 
fxera vSpdpyvpos Kai \airdL% tcllvliov xalrai (Tiroyydpiaiv. 
hfrt{j,i$Lov. vhpdpyvpos. x ict/naTi-nys avr avaf3d\.T)S rfjs 
<TKioypa<l>ia<;. Bd<f>vr]<s dvafu^avres yyaipJov TrepiBiaridei 
jcpeoTTtoAtas el (BovXu. 
717 A. For la read in. 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 81 

CONCERNING BUILDING IN WATER 

Fol. 21 V°. 

If building in water be needed, cause a triangular 
fork to be erected. If the depth of the water be not 
great make a box and besmear the outside of it with 
tallow and pitch to keep the water from entering 
it and dissolving the lime and <injuring> those 
who are laboring inside ; and having set up the box 
between four boats fix it in a place where it is neces- 
sary and anchor the boats immovably in the water. 
And then put on stones for the carpentering. 

<II>. The way to mix lime is as follows. Sand 
one part, and lime two : and then work it. But the 
box should be one ell above the water. 

Ill CONCERNING MORTAR. How to 
make mortar. 

You put in lime one part, sand four parts, star 
dust one pint, water one quart and two pints, pig's 
fat two pints; let the mixture rest one week, but 
the longer you leave it, the better it will be. Keep 
pouring into it according to its needs ; and let it be 
mixed. And then you use it in the work. 

Fol. 217 R°. 

XIX CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION 
OF CALAMINE 

Composition of calamine. Natural soda one part, 



82 A Classical Technology 

sulphur one part. 

Another (681 E) calamine: alum one part, 
natural sulphur one part, soda one part. 

XX. Concerning the dyeing of green glass. Dye- 
ing of green glass : Powder the glass, file well some 
clean copper and put in a pound of glass three 
(682 A) ounces of copper. Roast for three days. 

Another dye ; you grind glass thoroughly, put to 
a pound of it copper one ounce, Egyptian alum one 
ounce and roast for three days. 

XXI. Another, of milky color. Another of milky 
color: to a pound you put raw lead three ounces; 
and you roast (682 B) for two days. 

Concerning bloodred dyeing: red blood dyeing. 
To a pound you put (682 C) cinnabar, three ounces 
and roast for two days. 

On ruddy dye. To a pound of glass grind white- 
lead two ounces ; and you roast for two days. 

CONCERNING DYE OF GENUINE SORT 

Dye of genuine sort without fire. Grease a fine 
spun dyed object with vitriol (?) and you smear it 
with dragon-wort unmixed and it will become like 
weaker dyed madder of apple-green color. (682 D). 

<Put> to a pound Thespian earth two ounces 
and you roast it for three days. To a pound roasted 
copper two ounces. Water fluid one pound, naphtha 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 83 

one pound, native sulphur three pounds, Asiatic 
pitch four pounds, balsam two pounds, black asphalt 
three ounces, olive oil four ounces, rosin four ounces, 
milk of iron one ounce: all these mix and you rub 
thoroughly, you roast them one hour, there will be a 
fire but in accordance with the former strength but 
less. 

ON THE DYEING OF ALL MOSAICS 

► (673 E) 

Dyeing of all mosaics; dyeing of green glass: 
clean in the lump five pounds, copper filings without 
lead two ounces: and put in a new earth- (674 E) 
enware jar, apply fire and roast away the inferior 
parts in a glass blower's furnace for six days; and 
next throw it out and break it into small pieces; 
and you melt it again dyeing it with green. 

ON GILDING MOSAICS (675 A) 

On gilding all mosaics. You make some rather 
thin sheets, treating them with white lead, then make 
the others and place a copper sheet so that when 
heated it will not stick. Then put a leaf of gold 
on one of glass and above these very thin leaves, 
that is to say, above the goldleaf, and you put both 
in the furnace until the glass leaf begins to dissolve ; 



84 A Classical Technology 

(675 B) and then you throw it out to cool off, 
and take it, you rub its face on a leaden table, or one 
of emery, until you thin out its face: and then you 
color it. 

ON SILVER MOSAIC 

Silver mosaic: as we have stated above, just so 
you will do all. 

ON EMERY PLATES 

How to make emery plates. <Take> a plate 
of lead (675 C) and take live emery and grind 
thoroughly, besprinkle the whole plate and you rub 
down with glass till the powders (emery) attach 
themselves to the plate then use with water. 

ON COLORING <OF GLASS> (675 D) 

For coloring <of glass >. You will take a plate 
and scratch it deeply with a hook and you will grind 
suitably silver chalk, sprinkle the plate, and then 
rub the glass till it takes on color. 

ON ROASTING LEAD (675 E) 

It is a dark earth. It occurs everywhere, in places 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 85 

sunny and hot. The sign of the locality is that all 
the herbs are weak and feeble, likewise the trees, 
the earth is dark, so too the stone (ore) produced 
from it, is dark. Now it (the earth) is hollowed to 
a depth on account of the broiling sun. Next you 
take (676 A) the metal, harden it and in small 
pieces put it in the furnace. This earth is shifting, 
occurs in mountainous places, in sunny and hot ones. 
And do not set it away, as you do the principal 
stone, because it is changeable and weak. For cold 
earth always makes metals weak; for warm earth 
will make a principal metal dark and clean and a 
metal such as to have vir-(676 B) tue will be found 
to be dark : for the stone which will be found in it is 
greenish because it has a sunny and warm virtue, 
wherefore a hot metal lets off sparks ; for the metal is 
found more in damp places than elsewhere. 

ON MELTING LEAD 

Lead melting. Lead metal is dark and the stone 
which will be found in (676 C) it is green, over- 
whitish because of the strength of flower, earth 
metal and because the metal is feminine. It emits 
spark under the test. The stone occurs green but 
with whitish and its weight moderate, but the mas- 
culine turns out heavier. 



86 A Classical Technology- 

OS MELTING LEAD 

Melting of lead. Lead metal is dark, is found in 
all places, but oftener (676 D) in warm ones and the 
stone occurring in it is green, but not whitish ; the 
ore however is heavy. This is the test: you take 
some of the ore and put it on a fire which after boil- 
ing and melting, emits (676 E) sparks. The stone 
in it is green, and any herb produced on it always 
wilts in consequence of the heat of the ore. It is 
gathered thus: in view of the sun's heat you dig 
down into the earth, three ells deep. The earth is 
soft and while dug. dries out: it is roasted in a 
furnace (677 A) like iron also; but lead burns 
better. 

ON ANOTHER MODE OF MELTING 
LEAD 

Another way to melt lead : Do not dry the ore, 
but as soon as it is washed it is put in an iron furnace 
with coals; and you will not light a slow fire till 
night time, but burn (677 B) it all night till the 
fourth hour of the day: it is roasted till it be- 
comes pure and so it is again set in a furnace fired 
with coals oi pine or fir trees. And you will roast 
it for three hours and then work. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 87 

ON MELTING GLASS (677 C) 

Melting of glass. It is a sand occurring in vari- 
ous places, it is found also in parts of Italy in the 
mountains : it is a glass colored stone, blackish. Now 
this is the test: take some of the sand, put it in a 
vase, fire it suitably with coals and glass will run 
from below (677 D) your hand, but of poor quality. 
Take some of that same sand and wash it with 
powder, and let it run off; make a glass blower's 
furnace, and two sets of bellows and in this way 
bring about the melting of the former glass like 
that of pitch; and you will take that former glass 
which is worthless and break it up and roast again 
in the furnace like pitch. 

How to dye genuine leather. How genuine 
(677 E) leathers are to be dyed. You take a skin 
from which the hair has been removed and which 
has been washed suitably, and you also take gallnut 
you use for each hide five pounds, and of water 
fifteen pounds ; and you set the skin and stir for one 
day and then you wash it well, and dry it. You 
take Asiatic alum, pour warm water on the alum 
and (678 A) when it settles pour the water off 
and then again pour on warm water, and stir it; 
put in one skin or two or as many as you wish and 
you will take them up and you wash them once and 
put in vermilion, for every skin a half pound. 



88 A Classical Technology 

This is the first way to dye the skins. You will 
take (678 B) vermilion and grind it in a mortar. 
You put reduced urine in a hot crucible and pour 
the ground vermilion into a thin cloth and put it in 
a hot crucible and stir it till it comes out of the 
cloth and what remains, again place in the mortar 
and you will grind it and put it in the same way and 
stir it till nothing remains of the vermilion in the 
cloth. (678 C) Then take some of the mixture and 
treat the skins like a bellows and put in of the 
liquid for every skin a half pound and shake well. 
Leave it for a whole night and in the morning com- 
pound as much as suffices and you pour it off; wash 
and dry and work. (678 D). 

ON THE SECOND DYEING 

The second dyeing: As has been said of the for- 
mer skin, a sheepskin is plunged in the mixture; 
just so goatskins are dyed. 

ON DYEING HIDES GREEN (678 E) 

Dyeing hides green: take a hide from which the 
hair has been removed and put on it dog's dung, 
and that of doves and fowls, and melt in the liquid 
and put in there the skins and treat them there for 
three days and then take them out and wash suit- 



From Codex Lucens'iSj 490 89 

ably, let dry ; then take Asiatic alum just as has been 
said above about the genuine, then take almonds and 
crush and boil with urine; let it cool off. And 
pound the (679 A) skins like bellows, as we have 
said about the genuine. And you put the mixture 
in the skins. And rub well, and you blow it mod- 
erately that it may have wind and mix thoroughly 
until the compound sets and next pour out some of 
them and you take the skins; wash once and after- 
wards take some indigo, four pounds to a skin, and 
simmered urine six pounds and mix (679 B) the 
indigo and put it into the skins as you do the almond 
liquid and mingle till the liquid part of the mixture 
is taken up and you pour out the remainder on the 
sheep hide, that is the almond liquor and the indigo 
as we have stated before regarding the genuine, 
and the sheephide will come out green fashion. 

THIRD WAY OF DYEING (679 C) 

Third way to dye a hide green. As we have 
described above treat them and after washing they 
are put in alum (as we have said) then throw out 
some of the alum; then take indigo, half a pound, 
simmered urine, ten pounds, and mix together, put 
in two bellows' skins, let in (679 D) a little wind, 
treat as we have said above: all this you will do con- 
tinually for four days. Just so after four days put 



90 A Classical Technology 

(the products) on the sheep's hide and you will 
treat them so for five days; you wash and let dry. 
(679 E) 

Fourth way of dyeing yellow: You treat the hides 
in the same way, use alum in the same way, after- 
wards wash after the alum, and take an almond, 
crush it and boil well and that too with simmered 
urine. And after it cools, put the almond juice in 
the skins and treat as before for five or six days. 
Then you pour out again and wash and dry the 
sheepskins as we said above. (680 A). 

ON THE FIRST CELANDINE DYE 

First celandine dyeing: treat the hides the same 
way and you similarly put them in alum, wash them, 
dye the hides with vitriol and wash them well. 
And you will mix vermilion as above and then put 
some of the drug liquid in the hides and treat as we 
have shown (680 B) and you. pour out again, work 
the sheepskins, and wash and dry. 

ON THE SECOND CELANDINE DYEING 

Second dyeing with celandine. You treat the 
object, dye it as we have mentioned above with 
vitriol, and wash suitably, put some of the almond 
solution on the skins and mix for three days. 
(680 C). 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 91 

THIRD CELANDINE 

Third celandine : dye as we have said with yellow 
and afterwards take purple dye and put it in. Mix 
as we have stated above thin coral of good color, 
powdered marine red one pound, lake varnish, purple 
one (680 D) pound, and calcothar two ounces, gall- 
nut two ounces. Powder all of it and mix, boil the 
hides down with urine in the sunlight, as we have said 
above. And when you please to dye, take some of the 
solution and simmered urine and put it in the skins; 
and combine for three days, then wash well and dry. 

ON YELLOW PORPHYRY (680 E) 

Yellow porphyry. Treat the hides as above and 
put in alum, and then wash. And dye with apple- 
green, then mix purple and put the mixture on the 
dyed skins and treat. 

THIRD CELANDINE (681 A) 

Take madder and crush well, put in a melting 
pot and boil down suitably with urine and then put 
in it a small amount of alum and mix, set away 
to cool and then pour it off, put the solution in the 
skins and treat well for one day; then you wash it, 
dry it and afterwards (681 B) take the almond 



92 A Classical Technology 

solution one ounce and indigo one ounce and grease 
the surface of the hide. 

HOW TO DYE BONES AND ALL KINDS 
OF HORNS AND WOODS 

To dye green any you please of the above men- 
tioned. You put bones in (681 C) Asiatic alum for 
twelve days, (while you treat horn with alum for 
eight days, but wood for four) and then you boil 
well a solution of almond, put away as much as you 
choose till it boils and let it cool off and then take 
what you put and make indigo. Leave it for five 
days. Then throw out and (681 D) wash. 

ON SECOND WAY OF DYEING BLUE 

Second mode of dyeing blue. You use alum as 
above and make indigo put in what you please and 
leave for ten days, horn ten and wood three. 

ON YELLOW DYE (682 E) 

Yellow dye. Use alum as above and cook almonds 
suitably with simmered urine and let it boil. 

ON COLOR LIKE CINNABAR 

Colors like cinnabar. Reduced red ochre two 
parts, white lead one part. Mix and temper with 
water and use as you please. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 93 

ON PARCHMENT (683 A) 

1 

How parchment should be made. Put it <a 
hide> in lime and let it stay there for three days. 
And stretch it on a horse and scrape with a knife 
on both sides and let dry, then, do any scraping you 
like; afterwards (683 B) paint with the colors. 

i 

ON THE COMPOSITION OF WHITE 
LEAD 

Composition of white lead. Take strongest vine- 
gar, pour into a jar to fill it about one half, then 
reduced and thinned lead is hung over the Vinegar ; 
then like reduced vinegar, it sinks into the jar like 
dregs which (683 C) purifies it; when lightened and 
dried in the sun we rub and wash in water a long 
while. 

ON COPPER ORE 

Copper ore is a natural clod which is found in the 
island of Cyprus: of metallic color, somewhat like 
gold, has inside veins broken exactly (683 D) like 
broken alum., and that glitter like stars. 

ON ONION GREEN 

Onion green color will be produced thus: take 



94 A Classical Technology 

turkey oak wood or some hardberried wood and clean 
its branches of the bark and hew down (683 E) 
the surface smooth; then put it in the water and 
cover it up in a place where it is muddy for twenty 
years. Then take it out and let it dry in the shade 
for one year. Then make of it what you please. 

ON A LIST (684 A) 

List of all the herbs, woods, stones, earth, metals, 
liquids, water, fungus, salt, soda, efflorescence of 
soda, oil, pitch, rosin, earth, sulphur, olive-like pome- 
granate. As to metals: this is the first kind of ore 
out of which gold is produced: a red earth, some- 
what reddish because of (684 B) the neighboring 
earth. For there is another like it, and when heated 
will lose its color and is not sandy like the former — 
it occurs in sunny localities and the earth is like the 
gold ore. Now the ore of silver is green, and that 
of copper is a green stone and the color of the stone 
(684 C) is like copper. When you strike it with 
a piece of stone, it emits fire. Aurichalcum stone 
is apple green and it too, emits fire. 

As to ore, it is stone, jet in color. 

As to lead: lead is a dark earth, but the stone 
occurring (684 D) in it is green. 

On the sand which makes glass. The sand whence 
(684 E) glass is hardened, is a stone too, of course, 
and has a glassy color. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 95 

On vitriol. Whence is vitriol made? It is a sort 
of yellow clay, where there are in the winter season 
self gathering drops. Take and boil down and from 
this earth will be produced calcothar and from the 
dry will come vitriol. (685 A). 

ON ALUM 

Alum is a metal, flowering up from the earth. 

On Kaolin (?) It is a white earth easy to crush. 

On sulphur: sulphur is produced from the (685 
B) earth and the very locality is fired. When 
reduced by fire it is mixed with oil and roasted. 

ON SODA. Soda is a salt occurring in the 
earth ; it is hollowed into leaves. 

BROKEN SALT (685 C) 

Broken salt is produced in the same way. 

ON SALTPETRE 

Now saltpetre is produced in place of glass before 
congealing; but another sort is derived from soda, 
its source foams white like snow. (685 D). When 
compounded it is darker, but has the same virtue. 

On sulphur impregnated earth. Sulphur impreg- 
nated earth is derived from the same place as sul- 
phur, for the earth itself generates the sulphur. 

(Jesus was led into the desert to be tempted). 



96 A Classical Technology 

ON THE STONE HEMATITE (685 E) 

The stone hematite occurs near spots that pro- 
duce sulphur. 

ON QUICK SILVER 

Quick silver is produced from the earth and an- 
other kind from silver ore during the melting pro- 
cess. 

ON ORPIMENT 

Orpiment is an earthy metal. 

ON THE STONE JET 
Jet stone is to be found everywhere. (686 B). 

ON GREEN EARTH 
Green earth hardens like a metal. 

INDIGO (LILAC) 

Indigo is composed of earth and herbs. 

LAPIS LAZULI (686 C) 

Lazuli stone compound : Compound blue dye, 
compound phycus, copper rust, efflorescences of white 
lead and of lead. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 97 

Ochre earth is one containing all the colors. Com- 
positions of roasted copper, can be made of copper 
ore. Cinnabar can be had of quick silver. Siricum 
of white lead, for it comes (686 D) from lead too. 
As to herbs and woods : 

Chrisocoll is a tree, not tall with inner wood of an 
applegreen color. Walnut bark : olive shrubs ; apple 
bark, elm bark, lotus bark (all these serve for dye- 
stuff) ; wild madder, the almond is a single leaf 
plant, gallnut is a sort of (686 E) ball, tamarisk is 
a shrub, tithymallus is an herb (tree-like), double 
oxtongue is an herb. Resin of all sorts is extracted 
from pine and fir. Reboiled pitch you strain out 
with cedar resin from the cedar tree. Fir resin 
comes from the fir, mastic gum from the correspond- 
ing tree. Agnus castus gum from the chaste tree, 
<maple> gum from the maple (?), a second rate 
gum is squeezed from the almond tree, oil from the 
olive, linseed oil from flax. Coral is (687 A) de- 
rived from the sea, sluggish oil from mastix, purple 
dyestuffs from the sea, salt from the sea. All of 
these forms of dyes, tinctures, liquids, and composi- 
tions we have noted down afore time and have listed 
stones, ores, modes of treatment with alum, herbs to 
be found, whatever exudes resins; earths; and what 
sulphur is, also olive, black water, brackish water; 
mistletoe and all the rustic (687 B) plantation pro- 
ducts and whatsoever vegetables bud, domestic or 



98 A Classical Technology 

transmarine: bees-wax, axle-grease; of waters the 
sweet kinds, every variety of timbers, pine, fir, juni- 
per, cypress, ashes, gallnuts and fig. The hunt for 
all these is needed for a composition containing sim- 
mered urine, vinegar, along with rain water, water 
above all. Now all these items we have (687 C) 
previously stated. Now a table of measures : Cubus 
contains ten pounds, a sextarius three pounds, a 
congius twelve pounds, while four cubi are forty 
pounds. The mixture of vinegar with water serves 
to add brilliancy to very red porphyry. 

ON GOLD LEAF (687 D) 

How to make gold foil. Refined gold one ounce, 
pure silver as I was saying one ounce. Mingle and 
clean it with lead, then pour out, then mix, and beat 
into a sheet, and after beating it thin, cut it into 
pieces to the extent of five times three Byzantine 
feet, and after they are smoothed out equally and 
if one is too long or too short, equalize it with a 
(687 E) hammer both lengthwise and sidewise. If 
it is of the right length, of those two ounces make 
eight pieces. Heat it in a fire, beat it and hold it 
with iron tongs : and while you are beating, turn it 
inside out so that the short pieces appear in the 
middle. When they grow a semissis, trim them with 
a knife three times for every set and the fourth time 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 99 

when the weight is equal over the whole fold head 
to head and extend (688 A) and clip with scissors 
and have them placed over the clippings head to head 
and gently beaten with one hand and then set in oil. 
And after sixty-four pieces have been made out of 
those eight, you next make a bronzen kettle and 
keep on heating it and another supply of copper ; set 
it there to beat one piece above another below and 
as you beat it (688 B) with the hammer smooth it 
out as many handbreadths at one end as the other. 
And as fast as a piece reaches a half a foot, cut it 
off and set up one above the other up to the third 
time: then the piece should be put in oil and the 
copper is to be folded and another supply joined 
and the beating continue till those eight pieces 
amount to one thousand and twenty-eight. And it 
must be clipped with the scissors (688 C) and the 
clippings tied up in a linen cloth so as to be heated 
in the furnace where the leaf is set. And the fur- 
nace should be two feet high from the ground and 
let there be set on a wall a perforated vessel (or 
sheath), three perforations on each side and one in 
the middle : and another sheath should be set above, 
half a foot from the ground. It should be perforated 
in the middle and have another opening from the 
ground (688 D) to put in wood with one in front 
to admit the gold. And the gold must be cleaned 
with ashes of cowdung and with salt equally burned 



IOO A Classical Technology 

and crushed like the ashes. Mix and put in the first 
(or old) ash and in the second (or new). And in 
the third one they are similarly sifted. And after 
the petal has been colored use it as you please. (688 
E). 

For the gilding of a leaf with the yolk of a hen 
egg. And do the same thing for gilding or glass: 
and if it be a case of gilding wood along with 
gypsum use the yellow of an egg. Let a raw bul- 
lock's hide be scraped, boil it down in a new pot with 
water for two and three days: You temper with 
gypsum and apply to wood or wherever you wish. 
And take the hide from the workbench along with 
the gypsum and after (689 A) drying it scrape 
with a sharp knife and then gild. 

And if you care to gild lead pour it out thin and 
scrape clean and put a leaf above and smooth with 
hematite. And treat tin the same way if you care 
to gild it. 

On gilding iron. Now if you desire to gild iron 
take calcothar (689 B) and Asiatic alum in equal 
quantities and salt similarly and tragacanth to the 
same weight as the other three and mix all with 
water, put in a copper vessel and boil for an hour and 
grease the iron where (689 C) you wish to gild it, let 
it stay a while and wipe it and the color will come 
out coppery ; take an onyx stone and smooth it and if 
the color comes out coppery, dip it again. But if 



From Codex Luccnsis, 4Q0 101 

the gilding will not take mix it with the drug in 
equal quantities and grease. 

ON GILDING A GARMENT (689 D) 

For gilding cloth : should you wish to gild cloth, 
do as we have suggested above ; pour a yellow grease 
derived from an ox body on just any piece of cloth, 
gild and smooth with an onyx stone. 

ON GILDING GREASE WITH SUL- 
PHUR (?) 

If you care to gild grease with sulphur ; use a leaf 
along with the (689 E) yolk of a hen's egg and if 
you wish to make the greasy mixture, take mastix 
gum frankincense one ounce, pound in a mortar and 
mix ; and thus make the grease. 

ON MAKING BRIGHT VARNISH (690 A) 

How bright varnish should be made. Take a 
gold leaf, linseed oil five ounces, galbanum two 
ounces, turpentine one ounce, Spanish pitch one 
ounce. Dissolve all these three drugs together, once 
with a fair amount of linseed and then with eastern 
saffron one ounce, frankincense four ounces, myrrh 
two ounces, mastix gum two ounces, fir rosin two 



102 A Classical Technology 

ounces, early maturing poplar bloom two ounces, 
betony two ounces. Mix them with a colander and 
knead, strain them out and after all are warmed mix 
with them cherry gum two ounces, saffron, frank- 
incense (690 B) myrrh, fir gum, poplar bloom, 
betony: crush them all and when sifted boil with 
four ounces of linseed oil and after the boiling strain 
them through a cloth sieve. And thus you should 
mix them with the drugs which are galbanum, tur- 
pentine and Spanish pitch. And if there afterward 
appear any vice to prevent its drying, add to it mastix 
gum according to your taste, an ounce or a half. 
(690 C). 

ON SILVER LEAF 

Silver leaves are to be beaten out just like golden 
ones. On tin leaf : how to make tin leaf. Beat two 
ounces of it into a long thin (690 D) plate and cut 
them into battens as often as five times and divide 
often. 

ON MAKING GOLDEN THREADS 

How a plate is to turn in to golden threads. 
Take good gold about a measure long; beat it into 
a long slender leaf, when you beat it lengthwise, fold 
also one over the other, and that is the way you will 



From Codex Lucensis, 400 103 

beat (690 E) it, but you do not beat the foldings. 
And you afterwards open the gold in the middle; 
and both the non beaten ends should come into the 
middle. And beat and divide with an awl (?) and 
then you should smooth with a wooden hammer, and 
of just one you should make three leaves; then you 
will take good fine long slender scissors and clip 
down to the quick and fold one petal on another and 
hold it all with tongs, and (691 A) so everything 
must be done. And take small coals, hold them on 
the hearth and put all the leaves within a moderate 
sized platter of equal size that all be heated ; and you 
have water ready and pour on in order that the 
leaves may take on a bright color. And then take 
clean tragacanth and carefully pound it in a mortar 
and salt in equal (691 B) weights, and rub, mix 
with diluted vinegar, spread over the petals on both 
sides equally with the first; and heat on the hearth 
to a moderate degree. Thus the gold is colored. And 
wash it with clean water, divide and dry ; and after- 
wards cut the threads so as to weigh twelve tremis- 
ses for embroidery with gold ; and for fine gold weav- 
ing so as (691 C) to weigh fifteen tremisses. And 
the threads should be three palms long and so too 
the petals. 

ON COLORING SILVER LEAF 

Coloring of silver leaf. Asiatic alum two parts, 



104 d Classical Technology 

salt one part, crush and sift it, mix well, set one 
leaf of usual size on another and put in a furnace as 
we have shown above in regard to gold coloring. 
(691 D). Another mode of coloring: cowdung is 
cleanly fired and salt, similarly all (the ingredients). 

ON DYEING LIME IN COLOR 

Take of orpiment one (part ?) spread piece by 
piece over lime and let it stay there a day and a 
night, under the open air. And then apply (691 E) 
to a wall as you please. 

ON VARNISH 

How to make a varnish for colors. Linseed oil 
four ounces, turpentine two ounces, larch two 
ounces, frankincense three ounces, myrrh three 
ounces, mastix gum three ounces, betony one ounce, 
cherry gum two ounces, (692 A) poplar flower two 
ounces, almond gum two ounces, fir resin two 
ounces, all of which are to be crushed. Crush and 
sift and (as above) put in a bronze dish. And put 
in a hot oven, and cook without flame to keep it 
from coming out; and then strain in a clean cloth 
and if it comes out thin, boil down till it thickens. 
And you ought with the product (692 B) varnish 
over just any painted or carved work. Put in the 
sun and dry it. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 105 

ON WHITE COPPER 

To keep it from losing its color in the fire: put 
some glass in a vessel (in the bottom) and so melt 
it. And as you are pouring it out open the vessel 
with a fork (or hook). (692 C). 

CHRYSOGRAPHY 

You file down thin some refined gold with a file 
and set it in a porphyry mortar and you will add 
vinegar of the strongest quality, and at the same time 
you grind and wash as long as it is black and you 
pour it out, and then at last put in a grain of salt or 
(692 D) at least soda and so it is melted: and you 
afterwards write and polish the letters. So all 
metals can be melted. 

ANOTHER CHRYSOGRAPHY 

You melt lead and often dip in cold water and 
then you melt gold and cool in the aforesaid water, 
and it becomes frail. Then after filing you rub the 
gold carefully with quick silver and you clean 
(692 E) it carefully while it is liquid and thus you 
will write. Previously you will dip into a liquid 
alum cleansed with the best vinegar. 



Io6 A Classical Technology 

ANOTHER GOLD WRITING 

You will take sheets of gold and silver and grind 
them in a mortar in Greek salt or soda till it disap- 
pears; then put in water, and (693 A) pour out, and 
again put in salt. And you will wash it out in the 
same way; and when a small amount of gold remains 
add a moderate amount of efflorescence of bronze and 
oxgall. And you rub together and you will write 
and polish the letters. But if you wish it to be 
diffuse and to write more abundantly, grind sep- 
arately orpiment four parts (the (693 B) divisible 
kind) and celandine one part. And sift and mix 
of it as much as there is of the gold and grind 
equally. When you have dried it, polish and use 
in writing. With this product you can paint on 
glass and marble, just exactly as you use it for 
writing. (693 C). 

WRITING LIKE GOLD 

Celandine two drachms, brilliant crushed rosin 
three drachms, gold colored gum three drachms, 
clear orpiment three drachms, tortoise gall three 
drachms, white of eggs five drachms; altogether 
twenty drachms. (693 D). And add Cilician saffron 
seven drachms. Write not only on parchment or 
papyrus, but also on a glass or marble vase. 



Prom Codex Lucensis, 490 1 67 

GILDING OF A PELT (693 E) 

You take a red skin, treat it carefully with pumice, 
moisten with tepid water and wash it all carefully 
till the water comes out clear; then you stretch it 
on a horse and cut into strips as often as four 
times, then stretch on a clean board face up and 
level it off carefully with a clean piece of wood. 
And after it has dried off, you take the (694 A) 
white of an egg and dip into the mixture and with 
a clean sponge smear over the skin in a regular way ; 
and if insufficient, you besmear it a second time. 
And after drying place the leaf, then dip the sponge 
into water, press and after drying polish. Then 
moreover rub again with a clean skin, polish again. 
Gilding is done in the same way with tragacanth 
too, on (694 B) the condition, however, that you im- 
merse the skin in water during the night until dis- 
solved. 

HOW TO TRANSMUTE COPPER INTO A 
GOLDEN COLOR 

You take clean, filed copper two parts, Asiatic 
alum crushed in a mortar carefully and sifted one 
part. Mix and put in a vessel, set on hot coals till 
the copper is fused and mixed with the alum: then 
stop (694 C) firing, for as the result of the fire the 



lo8 A Classical Technology 

alum fires the copper. And next you will pour out 
some urine into the vessel mould which you wish 
to make. And thus fuse the copper. It will not 
lose its color (694 D) in the second fusing, but will 
do so in the third ; it will not lose color while you are 
filing it or beating it. When it breaks it is useless. 
Rub (?) all, alum, Egyptian beans, three sous, 
soda one ounce. 

OPERATION FOR CINNABAR (694 E) 

It is thus compounded : you will take clean mer- 
cury two parts, native sulfur one, and put in a flask 
without smoke and gently roast on the fire, make 
cinnabar; and wash conveniently and then take very 
clean plates of copper, hang over strong vinegar in 
the sunlight immovable (695 A) and some days 
later open and take the petals, gather the efflores- 
cence and make a very clean verdigris. Then you take 
lead, make plates and hang over vinegar as before, 
and gather the efflorescence and wash well till it is 
clean and make white lead. Take cinnabar one 
part, verdigris half a part, and white lead half a part 
and put in a marble mortar and grind well; 
after the grinding pour on some water in which 
isinglass is boiling and it will make celandine pig- 
ment. (695 B). 

Porphiry celandine: solution of purple decoction 



From Codex Lucensis, 400 1 09 

one pound, cinnabar one ounce, clean whitelead one 
ounce. Beat all of them, mix with a small quantity 
of urine, put in a glass vessel, set away in the sun- 
light till it dries. Cyanus is thus recognized by 
weight (695 C) before compounding. The ingre- 
dients are powdered marble, mix well. Second 
measure for the compound : green celandine, cyanus 
one pound, whitelead one ounce, all these together, 
mix with urin simmered down. 

All these items we have expounded, whatever 
there are of earthly or marine flowers or herbs. We 
have recounted their (695 D) virtues or opera- 
tions, on walls and woods, cloths, hides and of all 
painters. So now we state the treatments of all 
which are applied in the simple condition to walls 
and on wood, for wax: with mixed colors on hides. 
(695 E). 

Composition of pitch : first of all dry pitch one 
ounce two drachms, native sulphur three sous, rosin 
four drachms, tutsan others say water oil, others 
water flower, others quince, but the Alexandrines 
say marjoram. It occurs in water where 
the earth (696 A) is white, red or black; and it is 
produced out of the water, applegreen in color; above 
the water roundabout is the water's exit. And the 
water is heavy and disastrous to the earth which 
generates the flower. This way it is gathered. Take 
some very soft (696 B) wool, wash it and put on 



1 10 A Classical Technology 

the water and squeeze into a glass vessel provided 
with very moderate holes. Open the hole, put some 
clean wool underneath till the water is strained oft 
and the marjoram liquid remains. So you use mar- 
joram one drachm, clean balsam one ounce, aureas 
six ; Cilician oil, others say castor oil, others aspho- 
del, but others say mistletoe one sou, cypress pitch 
one sou and (696 C) twelve aurei, Spanish pitch one 
sou, oil soap two sous, soda one sou, parsley, others 
say wild variety, others rustic celandine, others gum, 
others cheese, others thyme, others filaments, others 
hairy parsley. How does parsley grow? In water, 
on walls of houses along with the so called calx herb, 
which has a tassel and is dry; powdered one ounce, 
aulocias others say (696 D) sticis, others calaminth, 
others clay-gravel mixture, others gillyflower, others 
Marcus Antoninus flower. But the Alexandrines 
say a half measure anis of purified gold. It is slender 
herb with branching thorn, tangled and white : many 
make torches out of it. It occurs in rough and stony 
places: it has leaves like the myrtle: dry and pow- 
dered three sous one drachm. The wild bramble 
(others call it cocudera) grows (696 E) like a 
bramble, has stronger and thick branches, and a fruit 
like the jujube which is a round bulb, for which the 
gentiles say wild jujube. Within it has triangular 
hairy grains. Grains dried and powdered one sou. 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 III 

Have everything dried and ground in the same way, 
then mix all the ingredients, add chaste tree two 
sous, mix, grind suitably (697 A) put away in a ves- 
sel smeared with bitumen and when it boils on slow 
fire once, there will be a pitch compound. 

HOW TO EXTINGUISH A FIRE 

Let us now speak of extinction, what sort of a 
remedy you must have if the fire burns too strongly : 
if it is too hot, put it out with soda sand thrown 
on it. (697 B). 

ON BLUE 

Blue, its chief ingredient: gather carefully some 
leaves of the violet flower, pound carefully in a clean 
mortar, put in soap and axlegrease without chalk, 
clean with tepid water and dissolve soap one ounce 
(697 C) in a pound of water. And rub the soap 
suitably in water, and put away to cool, then put the 
composition on the powdered flowers, set it all in 
a glass vessel into which you can put your hand ; 
set it away there and after a while go and mix it; 
always mix in the same way, stir (697 D) with or 
without mixing every day. Shake once a day for a 
week, then three days or two until you boil it down; 
then you take a dark, larger lily (which is prophyry 



112 A Classical Technology 

colored), the kind that has a leaf like knife, rub 
it down suitably in a mortar without soap, putting 
in water (697 E) and then you will take some of 
the violet compound two pounds, some Egyptian 
alum (if the foam is strong) ; but if the foam be 
feeble use crude alum two ounces, simmered urine 
one pound and boil on a slow fire for six hours ; and 
if the mixture turns out very green, pour in urine, 
but if very blue, use more alum. But if too azure, 
use a drachm of birdlime. Put in of white native 
lily a sufficient quantity and boil (698 A) down. 
You skim off the froth with a wooden hollow spoon, 
and throw out blue (herb of the poppy boiled with 
flower leaves), set away in a new earthenware jar 
for a day, you will open it and set aside for an hour 
and when the mixture grows feeble, take water, boil 
with isinglass, put on the flower leaves, powder 
suitably, mix with a moderate amount of cinnabar 
and a celandine color will come out. (698 B). 

COMPOSITION OF INDIGO 

Caucalis flower, bloom of unclean flax, the un- 
guent dregs of violet of the before mentioned sorts, 
namely of the minor variety two parts, of the larger 
one part; but make such dregs not according to the 
formula for azure, but only with lilly water ; of the 
greater blue however use one part, let these forms 



From Codex LucensiSj 4Q0 1 13 

of ointment be made, both (698 C) suitably in hol- 
lowed wood, you will then place back in a glass 
vessel the two ointments; of the smaller violet you 
will similarly make a drug and of the greater blue 
lily you will similarly make a drug: then put in 
some of the white, that is to say of the caucalis 
flower and of the flax two parts, and of the minor 
violet one part and of the greater one part, Egyptian 
alum foam to (698 D) a pound five sous, axlegrease 
soap without lime one ounce. All these you will 
boil down, you will moderately rub weak batter one 
pound, then mix the ointment dregs boiled down 
with the batter, and grind suitably till it becomes a 
powder, then take it up and put in the sun. 

THIS IS BLUE LILAC (OR INDIGO) 

(698 E) 

And is compounded of flowers, namely flower 
neulacis, in Greek the tapsia plant, called by others 
the groundcreeper. Gather the flower and stow it 
away, then grease your hands with oily soap without 
lime then rub the flowers between your hands and 
put away in a glass vessel, continue the act till the 
flowers are consumed; and that which (699 A) 
has been stowed away you will cover in its vessel 
suitably, in a warm spot and then open. Watch 
it till its color is blue, and then put it away un- 



U4 A Classical Technology 

covered (with only a cloth over it) ; merely cover 
cleanly and take some of the batter of green tint, 
boil down to a feeble state with skimmed urine 
until the leaves are dissolved. And you continue the 
boiling till the urine is consumed and the compound 
(699 B) thickens: then set away to cool. Next 
take of tapsia plant flower three pounds, of the 
batter two pounds, cinnabar half an ounce, mix rub 
cleanly, cover the mortar and let it rest. And then 
you take oystershells and clean inside and outside 
carefully and wash off so that neither filth nor flax 
may slip through. Then you take the shells and put 
them back in a new pot and boil in a furnace till it 
(699 C) grows hot and (the shell) is reduced to 
powder. Then cool off, grind suitably in the same 
way, take of its powder one pound, and then take 
clean verdigris and put it in another supply of skim- 
med urine and rub a good while till the urine is 
turbid and turns green after which you will mix 
some of the turbid urine in the mortar (699 E). 
Rub down thoroughly, put away in a new vessel 
and set in the sun one day and then cover and be- 
smear, set above in a glassblower's furnace one day 
and it will come out blue. 

The red variety, however, is compounded of three 
drugs. It is made thus. Take lacquer, grind suit- 
ably, mix with skimmed urine, boil well on a slow 
fire and the compound put one ounce, indigo one, 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 115 

sou, rub suitably, let it settle in the sun. 

Another vermilion compound. Put in vermilion 
one pound, scarlet berry one pound; (scarlet berry 
as has been stated above occurs (700 A) on the 
leaves of the cedar: do not grind them behind the 
furnace). First of all mix indigo one ounce, grind 
suitably in a mortar, put in skimmed urine fifteen 
pounds, set in a new pot, boil the urine down one 
half, and crush the grains with cinnabar in a linen 
cloth; wash (700 B) as was mentioned above until 
all is consumed, then put back in the sun. 

ANOTHER COMPOSITION FOR VER- 
MILION 

Vermilion one-half pound, of another variety of 
vermilion six ounces, white lead six, indigo six 
ounces: rub suitably, set in a pot, add skimmed 
urine ten pounds, put in a thin linen cloth, pound 
the scarlet berry (700 C), wash off in urine and 
you pound it again, wash in urine until the scarlet 
berry is dissolved ; and continue boiling till the urine 
is reduced one-half. Then put back in the sun. 

PURPLE COLORED CELANDINE 

Is composed of four drugs, indigo, blue stuff, 
cinnabar, and lacquer in equal weights. Crush 



Il6 A Classical Technology 

them, compose in a glass vessel, set in the (700 D) 
sun till the mixture dries out. 

ON METAL 

Now as to metal for roasting gold, we will show 
you how it can be produced from a greasy combina- 
tion. And when the metal has been found (700 E) 
make a vessel which is to receive of the metal twenty 
pounds, and afterwards put it with the vessel in a 
furnace and heat it at the fire from one o'clock to 
six. After this with the metal's greasy mixture 
must be combined coral two pounds, ammonia fixed 
and burned a pound, Spanish salt two pounds, white 
wax to the required extent some very greasy ingre- 
dient two pounds, tartar one pound. The result 
(701 A) is a compound of every pigment entering 
by and of itself into every individual part, an ingre- 
dient which you read about but which we have actu- 
ally tried. This last should be delightful since it 
contains three metals for melting gold; and we can 
point out to you another metal for this fusing process, 
(but much greener than the metal of gold, which has 
to effect the fusion). It will have the odor of dew 
and should be put in a vessel after reduction. The 
first decoration is burned pitch (701 B), one half 
pound, a second is glass powdered by hammering, the 
third however, is tin two pounds, which by its fusion 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 117 

brings the metal to a safe result. And thus what 
was combined with the metal is reduced to a powder, 
all of which has been tested. 

ON GREEN EARTH (701 C) 

On green earth : likewise is the stone green, 
from which the ore silver is derived. This earth 
occurs in stony places where are found many ores 
and of various colors. This ore when rubbed off 
shows white veins and when reduced with fire they 
come out black (that is the test) : and when broken 
into small pieces (701 D) after reducing, it has 
inward colors like silver, (that is to say this stone 
which will come out silver). Take some of the ore: 
for first of all, you place in the upper part of a fur- 
nace, calamine ore in an oven pot and fill with coals 
and burn as we have said above, wood below and 
coals above and you continue the burning and fus- 
ing process one day and let it cool off right there. 
Next you take the mass and (701 E) break into 
small pieces, then return to the oven as before. And 
along with that, feeble lead to the extent of one 
hundred pounds, but of the lead mass fifteen, and 
burn as before for three days. After this, now 
throw out the mass, place it in a cup and melt for 
two hours. (702 A). 



n8 A Classical Technology 

ON THE ADAMANT STONE 

The adamant stone is produced from the concoc- 
tion of calamine and gold in the first gathering 
of the mass after the first reduction. Now the mass 
remains during the breaking large in one instance, 
small in (702 B) the other, such that neither iron 
nor any other ores can break it. And it, which over- 
comes all other metals yields to lead alone. And this 
is the potency of lead. You take soft lead, easy and 
yielding and melt in on the spot, and throw in there 
adamant of equal (to that), which you wish to 
reduce, burn the lead on a slow fire and when it 
begins to thin (702 C) out instantly catch it with 
tongs and cover in oil soap, next take it out gently 
and in very clean fashion because it is feeble; for 
it is more friable than lead since lead is melted in 
it. Next you take of the soap products what you 
wish to thin out, then place carefully on the fire, for 
two or three hours until it is hot enough, then take 
(702 D) off and wash, and out will come adamant 
(which is neither conquered by fire nor broken by 
iron) : you work it, do not lay it aside, something 
by which you imitate whatever you please to make. 

ON PURPLE 

Purple occurs in every sea rather than on the 



From Codex Lucensts, 490 1 19 

islands, and these lakes of (702 E) ours. It has 
within a small shell instead of a blood: its blood 
is purple colored, out of which is gathered purple 
dye. It is had thus. Take a shellfish, boil the blood 
with the flesh, then take seabrine or salt brine, mingle 
in a vessel and let it stand. 

ON PURPLE DYE (703 A) 

Purple dye: take Alexandrine alum, rub down 
suitably, put on a platter put over it boiling hot 
water and stir a good while, let it stand, then pour 
out the hot water and stir, put in what you wish to 
dye and what comes out, let alone for two days; 
and after two days (703 B) stir and turn upside 
down. 

ON DIFFERENT WAYS OF GILDING 

Different ways of gilding: for instance on wood. 
Let almond gum be melted for one day, then rub 
the gum suitably with water, add saffron to a (703 
C) sufficient extent, color the water with gum. And 
warm it all on a slow fire. According to necessity 
use it on wood, plum trees (?) or housewalls. Take 
thin white of an egg, add a sufficient quantity of 
saffron, dip (703 D) and mingle then rub. Place 
in a glass jar linseed oil one ounce, fused gum one 



120 A Classical Technology 

ounce, saffron in sufficient quantity; mix it all with 
water. Boil down the three chief ingredients, use in 
gilding petals. 

ON THE COMPOSITION OF LINSEED 
OIL (703 E) 

Composition of linseed oil. Linseed two pounds, 
gum one ounce, fir resin one ounce, saffron two sous : 
pound all these ingredients and mix as above. 

ON THE OPERATION FOR REMOVAL OF 
TARNISH (704 A) 

Removal of tarnished gilt: if it's a case of raw 
hide use some indelible dye or whitelead or some 
tarnish color. These gilt petals are set away: and 
after the drying moreover, anoint thoroughly with 
some of the composition which we have described 
above where we discussed the (704 B) composition 
of saffron. 

ON SPREADING GILT 

Spreading gilt: let petals be made of tin thus. 
Melt the tin well, spread out gradually on a marble 
surface and make thin leaves as in the case of glass 
and set them like goldfoil, as above mentioned. And 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 121 

(704 C) boil the herb celandine and of the strained 
concoction use three ounces, saffron three sous, orpi- 
ment one sou. 

CHRYSOCOLL 

Chrysocoll for all combinations: reduced copper 
one ounce, oil soap (704 D) three sous, calcothar 
one sou. First mix these ingredients, then rub suit- 
ably the copper, powder the calcothar at the same 
time, mix the chrysocoll with soap and the necessary 
quantity of water. j 

ON ANOTHER KIND OF CHRYSOCOLL 

(704 E) 

Another chrysocoll: roasted copper one pound, 
alum two sous. On chrysocoll: gold is mixed with 
quick silver, next it enters a cup till the quick silver 
is hot, then take out the gold, rub it cleanly in a 
mortar till it is reduced to a powder; then mix it 
with oil soap so much as the chrysocoll concoction 
requires. (705 A). 

SILVER CEMENT 

Silver cement: silver two parts and bronze one 
part. 

( 



122 A Classical Technology 

ANOTHER SILVER CEMENT (705 B) 

Take silver mixed with quicksilver and put in a 
fire till the quicksilver dries out, then grind suit- 
ably till it powders: mix with a sufficiency of soap 
and water. 

ON CEMENT FOR BRONZE (705 C) 

Cement for bronze: bronze one pound, lead two 
pounds; mix, melt the bronze first, then put in the 
lead, mix them together. 

ON CEMENT FOR TIN 

Tin cement: tin two parts, and lead one part. 

ON CEMENT FOR STONE (705 D) 

Stone cement: use dry powder of white marble, 
and take isinglass one ounce, oxglue one ounce, put 
in a mixture with water, heat till it boils, put in 
powdered marble and make marble cement. 

ON CEMENT FOR STONE (705 E) 

Stone cement: isinglass two ounces, cheese glue 
two ounces and put in some of the powdered marble 
as above. 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 123 

ON WOOD GLUE (706 A) 

Now for wood glue: oxglue, likewise, isinglass, 
glue, moreover gold and silver as we have pointed 
out before on gilding. 

ON GLUEING <OF TIMBERS > (706 B) 

Now for glueing of timbers in water: isinglass 
one ounce, oxglue one ounce, figjuice one ounce, 
spurge sap one ounce; mix all these in water and 
boil them. Cement for carved timber: if it is a 
timber <you are using > put on the timber one of 
the three above (mentioned cements), but in the 
case of bones, use on the timbers cheese glue one 
ounce, mixed with isinglass two ounces, boil down 
together with the hot glue : heat the bones moderate- 
ly and put on the cement. (706 C). 

ON THE STONE OREBUS 

The stone orebus, which the Alexandrines call 
calamine, occurs in damp places; it is easy to crush, 
for it is black and enters into a soldering of silver. 
(706 D). 

ON THE AERITIS STONE 

The aeritis stone called also lencompandium : for 
the earth in which it occurs is green, and as the 



124 A Classical Technology 

earth grows and flowers, (you see the specimens) 
blooming with a white flower, round and with four 
points, afterwards it contracts and becomes a stone, 
the green earth reduces (706 E) the brilliant flower, 
and then are produced stones, some of gold color, 
others apple green, others celandine colored, others 
white: they emit a spark when struck. From them 
comes quicksilver in the months of April and May, 
when the hot earth has an abundance of flowers. 
Then you hollow out a moist spot up to your knee, 
open the earth and you will find the old flowers, 
hardened and clinging to the earth, turned in (707 
A) to stone. For some had flowered and hardened 
and had not clung to the earth but had remained 
like pearls, because they did not find suitable weath- 
er. Another sort flowers, at the suitable time, like 
white snow. When you find this sort, then with 
the help of a spade lift it out of the earth with its 
flowers. Put in a marble mortar, and when filled, 
pour in water, mix thoroughly, throw out the earth 
which is in it, and let (707 B) the quicksilver 
remain. There will come forth some of the silver 
metal when the mixture begins to fire up: and arti- 
sans run and gather it. 

ON THE PUMICE STONE 

The pumice stone occurs everywhere. It is 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 125 

crushed, enters into a new cup, is put on a furnace, 
heated well, covered up suitably to prevent (707 
C) the ingress of any filth. Next it is removed, 
ground suitably and in the composition of gold it 
enters for gum into the mixture of calamine. 

ON COMPOSITION OF ORPIMENT 

Composition of orpiment: grind, pure quick- 
silver one ounce, gold tremissis (707 D) and one 
ounce: and you beat the gold, make a leaf, put the 
leaf and the quicksilver in an iron trowel and heat 
till the gold is melted and mingled with the quick- 
silver. Then put a moderate amount of the orpi- 
ment in the trowel with the quicksilver mixture and 
boil thoroughly (707 E) and shake till it becomes 
pandius (yellow colored ?). 

ON ROASTED COPPER 

Roasted copper: a clean leaf is made out of the 
cleanest copper ore. Put clean leaves in an unused 
pot and also native sulphur. First spread the leaves 
out in the pot, as many as it will hold, then sprinkle 
(708 A) sulphur, then place the petals above and 
so continue till you fill the pot. After that put the 
pot in a glassblower's furnace, roast for four days 
and after it cools off break up Asiatic alum into 



126 A Classical Technology 

very small particles to suit the composition of sul- 
phur. At the same time, the pot is covered and 
smeared with clay as in the former operation, and 
is roasted for six days. And after the copper is 
broken into (708 B) particles, melt it. 

ON ELECTRUM 

How electrum is made : you put two parts of silver 
and three of copper ore, and three of gold, gold and 
copper in equal weights. 

ON GOLD CEMENT (708 C) 

Gold cement for golden stripe pipes: brine one 
ounce, roasted copper two ounces, efflorescence of 
nitre one ounce, oil soap without lime one ounce, 
vitriol two sous, vinegar half an ounce, water one 
ounce: mix; let grow moderately warm. (708 D). 

ON LITHARGE 

Litharge composition: one kind of lead, another 
of silver. The one you make of lead is done thus: 
compound lead, put it in a melting pot (let the lead 
be) rather the feminine sort and soft, you melt it 
thoroughly and when the melting is complete pound 
the lead with a wooden pestle (708 E) and heat it. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 127 

Put on some ashes with living coals and grind, put 
on some more ashes and do not cease grinding till 
it is powdered, and then wash it in water; but if 
you wish it to contract and thicken, set it in a jar 
with oil and, after heating, it coagulates and when 
it cools down break the jar and it will come out like 
something crushed. 

ANOTHER FORMULA FOR LITHARGE 

(709 A) 

Another formula for litharge: it can be made 
out of silver thus. Melt the silver and the impuri- 
ties that come out of it grind with oil inside accord- 
ing to the former recipe ; it grows hotter on account 
of the potency of the silver. Lead litharge, on the 
other hand, before (709 B) soldifying, enters with 
water into earthenware bituminous composition; 
but you must use it as you please after it contracts. 

ON THE ENCAUSTIC PROCESS 

First the encaustic for silver, bronze, and unwork- 
ed ore. You beat out gold and make thin leaves, 
then put in quicksilver and melt the (709 C) leaves 
till the gold is dissolved : but if there is a reduction, 
add more quicksilver till the gold is roasted, then 
put in an earthenware jar, and you will rub one jar 
against another one till there is a thinning process 
and the gold mixes with the quicksilver. Then you 



128 A Classical Technology 

will rub down what you intend to gild, besmear it 
somewhat, warm it and strain it in a (709 D) clean 
linen cloth: thus; you wipe off all the remaining 
gold, put it on the fire and test it. So too, you 
place the first and second gildings in a new jar. 
But when it has once been slightly besmeared, rub 
it down with an iron while very hot and it is thus 
colored, then add crumbs of bread, rub thoroughly 
till its color comes out quite white. 

The method of gilding iron is similar; but it is 
first treated (709 E) with alum. You take a por- 
tion of vitriol, a moderate amount of salt and just 
the same quantity of vinegar, heat in a cup, and 
therewith besmear the iron which you will gild. 
This is the first mode of gilding. 

But whoever gilds glass, take one portion of 
isinglass, and one of almond gum, put, pour and 
boil; anoint the vessel; cut some fire leaves of gold, 
place them in a position like what you wish to make. 
(710 A). 

In the same way you wash a stone or a piece of 
wood in water and after it dries off, rub it down 
(so too, glueing with the hematite stone or with 
iron). 

I 
ON CHRYSOGRAPHY 

Chrysography foil: take some petals of very old 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 129 

saffron, strip off its flowers and then rub a good 
while ; take an egg, open it, throw away immediately 
(710 B) the white of it, catch it on the saffron and 
rub suitably, besmear and lay the foils over it. 

ON THE THIRD MODE OF CHRYSO- 
GRAPHY 

Third chrysography : take quicksilver, mix with 
gold, bury it (?) rub well (710 C) put in a cup; 
set on the coals till the silver dries and the gold 
remains feeble, then place in a marble mortar and 
pound the gold with an iron pestle. Place in water 
to boil. In the same way, put in the composition 
gum water, rub suitably, then set in a small flask 
and (710 D) and hang it up in the sun wherever 
you please along with the pen. With it write what 
you please. Compound silver and bronze in the 
same way. 

ON DYEING OF LEAVES 

How to dye tinfoil: take clean saffron one ounce, 
good split orpiment (710 E) two ounces, grind, put 
in gum one half ounce, linseed oil one half ounce, 
rainwater or fresh water; mix and boil. Then mix 
the compounds, grind well, take up with a sponge, 
besmear the leaves and after drying, grease again 
and take an onyx stone polish till it shines. 



130 A Classical Technology 

ON SULPHUR (711 A) 

How sulphur is roasted : boil bacon and of the oil 
take two pounds, of sulphur earth four pounds, put 
in a melting pot, powder the earth and boil a second 
or third time, pour out of the side. (?). (711 B). 

ON CALAMINE 

Calamine, its composition is as follows: clean 
bronze one pound, calcothar two ounces, efflorescence 
of soda one ounce, sulphur one ounce. Put these 
in a cup and they will be melted together and boiled 
till the bronze and calcothar unite by burning, and 
the remainders are washed namely calamine (just 
as bronze) one part, lead one part, triturate of soda 
(711 C) one ounce, calcothar one ounce, efflores- 
cence of soda one ounce. When these have been 
mixed and burned combine with vinegar set in the 
sun and dry three big jars. This can be done thus: 
take soft lead melt it in an earthenware jar a strong 
one of larger size so as to endure the triturating 
process. Take a pestle and put coals with ashes over 
the (711 D) lead and before it cools stir it gently 
and thoroughly with the pestle till you thin out the 
lead, put on ashes with coals and rub; next set it 
on a wooden platter, wash off, then make the com- 
pound in a new melting pot along with sulphur and 
boil for three days. 



• 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 131 

ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE 
EFFLORESCENCE OF SODA (711 E) 

Composition of the efflorescence of natural soda: 
the second formula which is much sought after: 
for a solder for gold and silver or bronze. Egyp- 
tian soda one pound, axlegrease soap without lime 
one pound, rub suitably and mix, then set in the 
sun or in a hot place. It serves for gold solder, 
there are also compounded for silver (on account 
of its softness) two parts of soap and one of glass. 

ON THE COMPOSITION OF BRONZE 

(712 A) 

Composition of bronze: copper ore two parts, 
lead one part, tin one part. 

ON ANOTHER FORMULA FOR MAKING 
BRONZE (712 B) 

Anothr composition of bronze: copper ore two 
parts, lead one part, glass one half and tin one half ; 
mix and melt and fuse in accordance with the meas- 
ure of the vessels. It serves also for copper ore 
cement along with efflorescence of soda. 

ON THE COMPOSITION OF CINNABAR 

Composition of genuine cinnabar: take of clean 
foam of quicksilver (712 C) and native sulphur one 



132 A Classical Technology 

part, quicksilver two parts and pound them. Then 
take sulphur and smokeless too because ground and 
mixed sulphur makes color, put the quicksilver in a 
not full flask containing less than two ounces; but 
if it is of larger size let it be less than three ounces. 
And when mixed, stir and then make a smaller sized 
(712 D) glassblower's furnace so as to hold even a 
large flask, open hole where the jar can enter, and 
break up some canes with them, fire up the furnace 
and make another opening of smaller size whence the 
flame can escape round about. This is the sign that 
the boiling is in progress: when you see where the 
flask has less of the porphyry colored smoke (712 E) 
and assuming a cinnabar tint cease firing, for as a 
result of much fire the flask bursts. When the heat- 
ing is complete let it cool off. 

HOW TO MAKE VERDIGRIS 

How to make verdigris : take strips of copper ore 
and scrape them off well and hang over vinegar and 
scrape off the swelling that it makes and gather. 
Composition; of verdigris; two ounces, (713 A) 
clean vitriol four ounces, Egyptian alum two ounces, 
batter two ounces. Pound the batter in a clean 
fashion in the same way, but mix together the verdi- 
gris and the vitriol and take oil soap three ounces 
(713 B) and salt one-half an ounce and unite them 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 133 

to the three drugs, after which pound and mix again 
carefully with soap then take batter, beat it up as 
is needed, mix with the aforesaid drugs and rub 
carefully and let it rest for one day. 

This is the way to make copper: clean urine one 
pound, let it (713 C) rest, skim it off and mix with 
the drugs and rub a good while if the melting 
pot is iron, otherwise put it in one of earthenware 
and boil down to one-third. Then take roasted 
1 gypsum well pounded, put in a half an ounce, take 
the concoction, mix gypsum and rub a good while 
and set in the sun and when it contracts, break the 
drug and let it dry. 

HOW TO MAKE DYE (713 D) 

Composition for dye: take the cleanest lacquer 
one pound and boil down with skimmed urine five 
pounds and heat it cleanly, but do not let it boil 
excessively. Then take clean crab's bones, fire them 
cleanly (713 E) and rub sufficiently, mix in the 
lacquer; take similar objects fused in water, liquify 
well, let the liquification be fat. Pound them to- 
gether thoroughly, that is to say the crab's bones 
and the lacquer: set in a vessel and dry the dye 
mixture suitably in the sun and let it alone for three 
(714 A) days more and afterwards stir in the same 
way and let alone for eight days more and stir part 



134 A Classical Technology 

of a day. Afterwards take out some of it and put 
in more alum and make thereof another dye, put it in 
there and then take the once skimmed urine, and 
afterwards set in a copper (714 B) melting pot. 
Take the purple dye and wash gently once in water 
and then rub suitably, put in a thin cloth, wash the 
pot in the urine and afterwards with pig's blood, 
then rub and grind well in the same way: dry pig's 
blood one pound, purple fish dye three ounces. And 
next (714 C) wash moderately, dry, put in a melt- 
ing pot and have it boil a second time and rub in 
the same fashion a pound of shell dye along with 
blood, that is to say nine ounces of the shell dye and 
three of the pig's blood. 

ON THE PROPORTIONS OF VINEGAR 

The proportions of vinegar: and put together, 
put in the same dye compound (714 D) as much 
alum as you please. But if you wish to dye with 
greater cleanliness, put them in one pot as before; 
and a third dye can be made the same way. 

ON LIGHT YELLOW PORPHYRY 

Light yellow porphyry: previously however, dip 
the yellow and then it (714 E) enters the compound 
in which porphyry is dipped, 



Prom Codex Lucensis, 400 135 

ON THE GOLD VARNISHER 

Gold varnisher : pure gold mixed with quicksilver, 
ribbon strips, sponge filaments, whitelead, quick- 
silver, hematite, or add some outline drawing, 
laurel; mix in the fluid state (715 A), surround 
with raw meat if you desire. 

ON GOLD VARNISH 

Yellow celandine gold varnish : powder of rubbed 
gold as we have mentioned above, with the dried 
product of quicksilver two parts, verdigris one part, 
then (715 B) mix with the laurel compound and 
make what disposition of it you please. 

SILVER VARNISHER 

Silver varnisher: mix clean silver with quick- 
silver, then take the silver and grind to a powder and 
mix with the laurel compound and (715 C) use as 
you please. 

ON ANOTHER SILVER VARNISH 

Another similar formula for silver varnish: take 
clean silver, put it in a cup, place on a fire till the 
quicksilver is precipitated, (715 D) and then take 



136 A Classical Technology 

silver two parts and verdigris one part add some of 
the laurel compound and arrange. 

ON THE STONE CALLED SMIRA 

(EMERY) (715 E) 

The stone known as smira sets fire to all glass. 

ON THE EARTH WHICH IS CALLED 
LIMNIA 

The earth which is called limnia. which is white, 
reddish color; it occurs in stony places and you rec- 
ognize by these signs. When water is poured on it, 
gives forth a hissing sound, it dyes green alum and 
all sorts of porphyry and golden beryl, also onyx. 

Black earth: is so called because of its dusky 
color, it occurs in Egypt and Africa and in India 
and in Italy, is found in (716 A) wet spots, 
in valleys. Out of it is obtained a red dye, mixed 
with vinegar and heated it is discolored but after- 
wards returns to the scarlet tint. 

On the focaria stone: the stone which is called 
focaria (mica) is the (716 B) one from which 
bronze is to be had by heating. And there is another 
similar variety whence are emitted rare sparks under 
a blow ; is red and fiery, of a coppery color and when 
set on the fire for testing, it takes fire and does not 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 137 

change its color. It is then gathered and worn down 
fine, and this mass gathered and, along with ox or 
goat's dung, covered with straw, you keep on fire 
for two days and three (716 C) nights until the 
dung is consumed. Now you can heat it in the fur- 
nace and also the copper as well as lead; after it 
cools off, the stone which has by this time been 
heated is picked up. And as a first weighing you 
weigh three hundred pounds in the first heating in 
which you place finely divided coal, three baskets- 
ful. And throw on bundles of cloth, and when your 
masters enter the works and cover everything with 
a coating (716 D) of wax, let it stand and cool off 
so as not to run like lead or hardened wax, because 
it grows stiff. And after cooling off, break it into 
small pieces, melt in a furnace and use some of it. 
(7i6 E). 

SPLIT STONE 

The split stone (schist) is found in Cappadocia, 
Asia, Iberia and Italy; and it is dusky and strong 
and when broken into small pieces, you will find in 
it white veins, but when it is set on fire it turns red. 
The Alexandrines call it cathmia because it melts 
glass; moreover, it is found in lofty and windy 
places; it is a porous stone. 



138 A Classical Technology 

ON THE GAGATHES STONE (717 A) 

The gagathes stone is in color like orpiment, for it 
is not so very green; when broken it emits fire. It 
is divided into very small plates wherefore the Alex- 
andrines call it smooth stone out of which is (717 
B) made waxmarble. This is pounded thin and 
you put in a pound of the stone and two of oxglue 
and five of water and then boil continually two or 
three times, mix and you will get waxmarble. 

TRACHIAS STONE 

The trachias stone is found everywhere, is green, 
split, dusky; when burned it turns white. It is 
employed in calamine, in the process of (717 C) 
cleaning silver. 

GLOSSARY 

A for ad 711 E (twice), 712 B. To. K 153, ML 
136. 

Abdum 700 D, for Addum. While, until. NEW. 

Abietiam 686 E, adj. from abies. Made of fir. 
Star K 34, ML 25. 

Ablative for Accusative. 690 D, 690 E, 692 C, 
698 A, 699 D, 700 B, 700 D, 701 A. 

Ablative for Nominative. 211 V° I, 684 Aextr., 



From Codex Lucensis, 400 139 

685 C, 686 E, 687 A, 687 B, (twice) 688 B, 688 C, 
688 E, 690 A, 692 C, 694 A, 705 B. 

Accusative for Nominative. 211 V°. I. ibid. II, 
676 A, 679 B, 693 E, 698 C, 702 E, 706 D, 707 A. 

Acerinus (eerinum, Cod.) 682 D. Made of 
maplewood. Star K 116, not in ML. 

Acetum, passim. Vinegar. K 120, ML 98. 

A cmattita 710 A. See Aematita. (Hematite). 

Acrestis 696 E. Unripe. Star ML, not in K. 
NEW. Agrestis has been influenced by acer. 

Adamans 702. Diamond (?). K 159, ML 142. 

Adequetur 687 E. Level up, smooth off. K. 155, 
ML 138. 

Adiuxtantem 684 B. Neighboring. See K 5243 
(Star), not in ML. 

Adluminentur 691 A. Take on a bright color? 
NEW. Connection with alumen? 

Adpariscant 687 E. Appear. Cf. K 746. ML 
536 (star). 

Adplanare 690 A. Smooth off, plane off. 

Adsuccare 691 B. Dry off. NEW. Correct (in 
part) K 3494, ML 3073. 

Adtenuare 675 B, 711 D. Attenuate, make thin. 

Aematita, emathitis, [a]ematita, e[t]matita, etc., 
passim. Hematite. K. 4448, ML 3975. 

Aeramen, eramen, eramen, etc., passim. Copper. 
K 320, ML 242. 

Aeramentum, variant of aeramen. 



140 A Classical Technology 

Aeramentinum, 675 A. Made of copper. NEW. 
( Heramentinum, Cod). 

Aeritis, aeri[e]tis 706 D. See Comm. 

Aestuatio 676 E(uestuationem, Cod.). Heat. 
Rare in this sense. 

Aforas 211 V°. I. Outside. K 199, not in ML. 

Afronitrum 708 C. Efflorescence of natrum. 

Agralia 787 D. Rustic. Rare. 

Agutum 706 D. Sharp. Old Italian. K. 152, 
ML 135. 

Ainguis 679 E. Error for tinguis. dye. 

Ala 690 E. A<cu>la or for aAa<??. Needle or 
egg-shell? Or for novacula? (Knife) or <p>ala? 
(Spade, Shovel, K 6788, ML 6154.) 

Albidiante 696 D. White. NEW. 

Albumen 693 D. White of the egg. K 419, not in 
ML. 

Alithinus, passim. Genuine. 

Alitus 676 B. Error for aliter; here means else- 
where. 

Allebat 707 A. Lift up. K 494, ML 359. 

Alumen passim. Alum. ML 389, not in K. 

Aluminare 679 E (adluminentur 691 A?). Treat 
with alum. 

Aluminatio 687 A. Treatment with alum, appli- 
cation of alum. NEW. 

Amba 690 E, ambas 698 C. Both. K 586, ML 
411. 



From Codex Lucensis, 400 14! 

Amfions 711 C, an<for>um 683 B, i. e. amforas. 
Jars. K 612, ML 429. 

Amigdalina 692/ A. of Almond. 

Amixtus (i. e. a<d>mixtus) 712 C. Mixed. 

Ammonia, passim. Ammoniac gum. 

Amodis (read a<d>modum) 684 A. To a de- 
gree. 

Amoraque 695 E. hamoraque, humoraque, etc. 
Means umor aquae. See Flore ague ? 

Ampulla, ambulla 712 D. Small flask. K 616. 
ML 398. 

Amygdala passim, a[c]micdala, a[c]migdale. Al- 
mond. K 619, ML 431. 

Anamemigmenos 682 C, i. e. avafxefxiyixhos. Mix- 
ed, as Latin, NEW. 

Anis 696 D. Meaning? 

Antismis 682 C. Flowery discourse. 

Apis 687 B. Bee. 

Apium 696 C. Parsley. 

Aque foleum 695 A. a plant < (vSpeXatov.) 

Arbor 686 D, Corr. from albor. Cf. Sp. albur, 
e. g. in Alburquerque. K 801, ML 606. 

A[r]dasta 701 E, i. e. adusta. Scorched. ML 
212, not in K. 

Argilla 708 A. Clay. K 839, ML 641. 

Aside 682 D. Asiatic. 

A<d>ter[r]es 696 E. Grind. 

Asianus, passim. Asiatic. 



i4-2 A Classical Technology 

Atmassonas 686 E. Knead. NEW. 

Atrin[i]a 686 E. Read acerina, of maple, maple 
gum. 

A[u]cu 691 B. Needle. K 148, ML 130. 

A[u]<risto>loc<h>ias (?) 692 D. A plant. 

Auricalca 692 A. Brazen. 

Auricalcus 684 C. Brass. K 1062, ML 792. 

Auricella 690 A. Colander. 

Auricolores 693 C. Of golden color. 

Auripigmentum passim, auri[c] picmentum &c, 
Orpiment listed neither by K nor ML. 

Axis 693 E. Board, (assis, K 971, ML 732). 

Axungia 687 B, 697 B. Axlegrease. K 11 12, ML 
846. 

Balsamum 682 D. Balsam. K 1196, ML 918. 

Banga 707 A, i. e. vanga. Spade. K 9983. 

Battere passim, battuta 690 E, pabtis 688 B. Beat. 
K 1278, ML 996. 

Bene 675 C. Very. K 13 15, ML 1028. 

Bersa 691 A, i. e. versa. Pour. K 10089. 

Bermiculum 678 A. Vermillion, K. 10075. 

Bizantium 687 D. Byzantine. K 1677, ML 
1436. 

Blutem 689 E. Yolk of an egg. NEW. 

Or connected with blitum K 1479, ML 11 73 
(amaranth) ? 

Bobinus 688 D and passim Bovine, pertaining 
cows. ML 1247, not in K. 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 143 

Bolus 696 E. Clod. 

Bonus, passim. Good. K 1506, ML 1208. 

Brandisi 712 A. Bronze K 1586, not in ML; 
meaning not listed in the Thesaurus Linguae La- 
tinae. 

Bullire, bollire passim. Boil. K 1643, ML 1389. 

Cabi, gabus 687 C, i. e. cubus. A measure. 

Caccabus passim. Melting pot. K 1686, ML 
1445. 

Cadmia, cathmia &c, passim. Calamine. K 1692, 
ML 1453. 

Calam<inth>a 707 C, galmidam 696 D. Cala- 
minth, German. Galmei. 

Calcitarin 684 E, calcitarium & cacitarium 704 
D. Calcothar. 

Calcucecaumenon 707 E. Reduced metallic cop- 
per: i. e. x a x K ^ v KCKav/xevov. As Latin, NEW. 

Calcetis 683 C, i. e. chalchitis. Copper ore. 

Calda<ria>m 703 A. Cauldron. K 1741, ML 

1503. 

Calefoc 709 E Heat. ML 1507, not in K. 

Calens passim. Warm: Hispanic form. K 1749, 
ML 1510. 

Caliclus 711 B, calicla 677 C. Small cup. ML 
1513, not in K. 

Calitudo 676 E. Heat. NEW. 

Cameleonta 698 E, i. e- xafMuXtovra. Carline 
thistle. 



144 A Classical Technology 

Camenus 701 D. Oven. K 1888, ML 1549. 
Cancer, cranci 713 D, grand 713 E. Crab. K 
1816, ML 1574. 3 (crancer has star). 
Caninus 678 E. Canine, dogs. ML 1590, not in K. 
Cantirius 693 E. Rack, "horse." K 1850, ML 

1615. 

Capet 707 E. Holds, Sp. cabe. K 1869, ML 1625. 

Capitulum 703 D. Chief ingredient. K 1882, 
ML 1 640- 1. 

Cappela 691 B. Capellatum 688 E. Cut. K 1905, 
ML (star) 1646. 

Cappo 707 B, i. e. euppo. Cup. Cf. K 2693, ML 
2409. 

Caprinus 678 D. Goat's. K 1894 A, ML 1654. 

Cata 690 E. According to. K 2002, ML 1755. 

Catia 701 D, caga 688 A. Caza or cacza in MS 
A. 16. Small spoon. K 2129, ML 2434.2. 

Caucalide 698 B, cuocalida 698 C. i. e. KawaAts. 
A plant, Plin. N. H. XXII 83. 

C[a]ucumarum 700 E. Pot. K 2650, ML 2361. 

Cebellino 683 D, i. e. cebollino. Onion green. K 
2082, ML 1820. 

Celedonia 704 C. Celandine. K 2 131, ML 1870. 

[CJemcausis 709 C, i. e. ey/caims. Encaustic. 

Cerasi 691 E. Cherry. K 2084, ML 1824. 

Cerrinum (?) 683 D. Turkey oak. See Plin. N. 
H. XXX 92. K 2102, ML 1838. 

Chisimon 715 A. Fusible. NEW. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 145 

Cianus 686 C, i. e. kvclvos. Blue dye. 

Cinus 708 E, cinos 711 A & D. Ashes. K 2194, 
ML 1929. 

Cipressinus 696 C. Cf. cypress. 

Circinare 690 E. Cut. ML 1941, star K 2207. 

Citrinus 714 D. cidrinus ibid. Lemon yellow. 
K 2224, not in ML. 

CI. bus 687 D. (dibus in the corresponding pas- 
sage of A 16) : due to a misunderstanding or miss- 
reading of di<ce>bamus abbreviated in the arche- 
type. 

Cluta, see gluten. 

Coccarin (like iarim & c) 699 E, coccum passim. 
Scarlet berry. K 2286, ML 2009. 

Cocudera 696 D. Cf. Ducange Med. Graec. Lex. 
kokkovSlov &c. Nucleus, kernel. In Latin, NEW. 

Col[e]a<t> 687 A. Strain out. K 2330, ML 

2035. 

Coloridietur 675 D. Color. NEW. 

Columbinus 678 E. Dove's. ML 2064, not in K. 

Comminute (cum-Cod.) 708 A. In very small 
pieces. NEW. 

Commiscere passim. Mix. Seems to be inflected 
now according to the second, now the third Con- 
jugation. 

Commiscuatur 707 D. Mix, cf. promiscuus or 
perhaps [u], as indicated by commiscatur 709 C. 



146 A Classical Technology 

Comodo 708 B, 711 A. How, as. K 7686, ML 
6972. 

Co[n]ccina 680 C, influenced by concha. Scarlet. 
K 2285, ML 2113. 

Config[l]antiir 675 C. Combine, attach oneself. 

Confrangis 674 E. Break up. Late and rare. 

Coniunxerunt 707. Reached, attained, cf. Ital. 
giungere. K 2423, ML 2150. 

Conquilium, coquilium, (star K 2288, not in 
ML), conquilius passim. 

Purple shellfish or dye made from it. 

Contena 691 A. Tongs. NEW. Cf. K 2461. 

Contina 691 A. Hold. Cf. K 2461 with star, not 
in ML. NEW. 

Craberillium (leg. chrysoberillium) 715 E. Gold- 
en beryl. 

Cranci 713 D. Crab. See cancer. 
Crepidinosus 716 E. May mean full of cracks or 
making a crackling sound. NEW. 

Crisoclabum 708 C, grisoclabi ibid. Having gold- 
en stripes. NEW. 

Chrisopandio 715 E. Yellow celandine. NEW. 

Crisopetala 704 C, grisopetala ibid. Gold foil. 
NEW. 

Crisorantista 714 E. Maker of gold varnish. 

Criuella 693 B, cribellatum 694 BC. Sift. Cf, 
K 2603, ML 2326-21. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 147 

Crocus passim, gracum & grocum 703 E. Saffron. 
K 2618, ML 2337. 

Crosa 675 A. Hollow. Star K 2620 tho listed 
by Ducange anno 1223: not in ML. 

Crucatim 675 D. With a hook. Starred by K 
2613, not listed by ML. NEW. 

Cui 702 D. May be dative or accusative. K 7665. 
2., ML 6953. 

Cu 689 D for the usual cum. With. K 2672, ML 

2385. 

Cuse 679 A. Beaten. Nominative absolute: Italian 
symptom. 

Custum 698 A, for tuscum. Froth. K 9835, cf. 

9531. 

Domitted: a<d> 711 E, 712 B. 

D<ecl>ama<tio> 682 A. Declamation (pro- 
batio pennae). (Dedamia, Cod.). 

Dantralasis 686 E stands perhaps for dendroides, 
spurge or euphorbia. 

Da[u]f[fi]ra 714 E, da[u]fra 715 B, da[au]f 
[i]ra 715 BC, d[e]a[u]f [i]ra 715 D. i. e. 8d<pvrj. 
Laurel. 

De with the accusative, passim. 

De with the nominative: 681 E, 682 B & C, 
673 E, 675 D, 676 B & D, 677 A & B, 678 A (three 
times), 680 A, B, C, 681 D, 683 B & C, 684 C, D 
& E, 685 A (three times), 685 C, 685 E (twice), 
686 A (twice), 686 B, 687 E, 688 B, 691 C & D, 



148 A Classical Technology 

702 A & D, 703 D, 704 A, B, C, D k E, 705 A, 
B, C. D k E, 705 A. B, C, D k E. 706 A, B, C 
k D, 707 B & E. 708 D, 709 A k B, 710 D, 711 
A & D. 712 A (twice), B, E, 713 D. 715 A & C, 

716 E. 717 A k C. The vast majority of these 
occurrences are found in captions and may be at- 
tributed to carelessness or may be corrected away 
by adding <ne>, but some do not yield to this 
treatment and must be set down to the Italian 
authorship of the translation. 

Deauratura 689 C. Gilding. NEW. The verb 
deaurare occurs, passim. 

Deinfra 713 A. Within a given space. Low Latin. 

Deintro 687 E. Within, inside. Sp. dentro. 

Delabas (-u- Cod.) 677 D. Wash off. 

Del<euic>atum (?) 683 B. Lyhten. reduce. 
NEW. See Lebicatum. 

Deliquatio 713 E. Straining off. NEW. 

Denante 688 D. Before. K 2760. 

Depost 679 E. After. K Col. 334 top. 

Des 6S8 E. i. e. de ex. From. K 2793, ML 2514. 

Desiccatio 715 A. Powder (glossed puluer). 
NEW. 

Desolbatur 694 B. is merely an orthographic vari- 
ant of dissoluere. Dissolve. 

Desub 677 C. Under. 

Desuccare 681 B. 683. Dry. 

Desubtus 688 AB. Below, under. 



From Codex LucensiSj 490 149 

Desuper 688 A. Above. 

Deuncto 698 E. Without grease. NEW. 

Deyrinum 683 D, i. e. duracinum. Peachtree. 
K 3152, ML 2803. 

Di 693 E, 695 A, 698 E, for de. From, of. 
(Italian form). K 2760, ML 2748. 

Di[m]ipsim, see psimitthim. 

Dimundia 713 C, i. e. dimidia, error due to an 
abbreviation. Half. K 2979, ML 2644. 

Discopertum 699 A. Uncovered. K 2696, ML 
2659. 

Disculum 701 . See Vero disculum. 

Dis [s] aperies 706 E. Open. NEW. 

Dissobog<l>auto 686 E. Error for a nonquo- 
table SiCT<7o/?ov'yAwo-o-os. Double oxtongue. NEW. 

Diunde 693 E, for deunde. 

Dracontea 682 C. Dragon-wort. 
Dragantum 692, dracantum 689 A. Seems to result 
from a fusion of draconem with tragacanthum. 
Dragon-wort or tragacanth-gum. See K 3104, ML 

2759. 

Ebilat 716 A, i. e. Hevilath or Havilah. India. 
Hieron. ad Rustic. 3 (torn. I 928 C) ; de situ et 
nomm. locc. Hebr. (torn. Ill 199 def, 211 h). 

Eerrinum 683 D. may stand for acerinum or cer- 
rinum q. v. 

Eg 678 E, for <ha>ec. This. 



150 A Classical Technology 

Egrotus 696 A. Sickened, weakened. K 308, ML 
231. 

Eleacoside 684 A reproduces a nonquotable 
ekeaKootSr). An olive-like pomegranate. NEW. 

Elet[a]rum 708 A. Electrum. 

Elimpidatum 683 C. Clear. Rare. 

Elydrium &c passim. Celandine. See Lagerkrantz 
p. 191. 

Eramentio 689 B, — tium 689 C eramentio 688 
A. Made of copper. NEW. 

Eritarin 685 A, eritarum 703 C. Kaolin? New. 

<E>scolare 687 A. Strain out. ML 298, cf. 
K 2330. 

Ex with the genitive 712 C. 

Exalbidus 676 C. Very white. (K 412, not in 
ML). Cf. Subalbidus, ibid. 

Exalbinus 696 C. Very white. Cf. exalbidus. 

Exarderit 697 A for exarserit or [ri]. 

Exauratio 703 BDE, exorationis 704 B. gilt, gild- 
ing. CF. ML. 2941. 

Exauratus 706 A. Gild. ML 2942. 
Excalefacias 708 C. Heat. Star ML 2947. NEW. 
NEW. 

Excaliscente 706 E. Grow hot. Star ML 2948. 

Exinde 713 E, 715 B. Thereof, of it. 

Exmodice 682 D extr. To a very moderate de- 
gree. NEW. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 151 

Exnerbiatum 698 D, exnerbiata 699 A. Enfeebled. 
Cf. eKvevpL&w. NEW. 

Ex<si>milem 696 E. Very like. NEW. 

Exstrinxerit 713 C. Bind. NEW. 

Extemperasse 691 B, i. e. — See. Complete the dis- 
temper. NEW. 

Extenuatun 683 B. Thinned out, weakened. ML 
3085. 

Externitum 704 A. Deprived of its tarnish. 
NEW. Cf. K 9394. 

Externiture ibid. Removal of tarnish. Cf. K 
9394. NEW. 

Extepefacta 703. Warm up. NEW. 

Exterges 709 D. Wipe off. K. 3502, ML 3088. 

Facere passim, faciatur 688 E. Make. K 3570, 
ML 3128. 

Faciam 675 B. Face. K 3563, ML 3130. 

Femum 688 D. Dung. K 3770, ML stars femus 
33H.2. 

Fenestrella 712 D. Opening. If not for fenestella. 
NEW. 

Ferrea 687 E, 691 A. Of iron. K 3699, ML 

3259. 

Fersa 690 A. Heated. Star K 3710, cf. ML 3265. 

Fiere 688 D. Make. 

Ficarim 686 C, 713 D. (<f>vKo<s) Dye. In Latin, 
NEW. 

Flore aque 695 E. Waterflower. (Nonquotable). 



152 A Classical Technology 

Focaria 716 A. Mica. K 3868. Cf. ML 3398. 
Focarius 691 A. Hearth. See above. 
Foliam 697 D. Leaf. K 3885, ML 3415. 
Foras 692 A, foris 707 A. Outside. K 3900, ML 

343i. 

Forforitico 692 C, leg. por — 

Fornax 674 E. Furnace. K 3926, ML 3451. 

Fracilis 702 C, i. e. fragilis influenced by flacidus. 
K 3941. ML 3465-3471. 

Fresa 694 D. Bean. K 3977, ML 3498. 

Frut[r]ices 686 D. Shrubs. 

Furtis 716 E. Strong. K 3932, ML 3457. 

<Gan>gaddian 696 D. Mixture of clay and 
gravel. 

Gagatis, etc. 686 A. Jet. K 41 12 A, ML 3635. 

Gagizon 684 C. Jetcolored. NEW. (Gaga<ti> 
zon ) . 

Gallinacium 678 E, 688 E, 689 E. Hen's. 

Galmidam 696 D. Calaminth. (Cal<a>mi 
<nth>am). 

Gemmamfen] 707 C. Gem. K 4208, ML 3725. 

Genucalum 706 E. Knee. K 4227, ML 3737. 

Geropha<lum> 696 D. Gillyflower. K 1977, 
ML 1727. 

Gestatu 211 III. i. e. yrjs dore'/oos, terra stellaris. 
Dust of meteoric iron. 

Gigea 696 E, zigea ex zigeo 686 E. Chaste tree 
(yvyaCrj). NEW. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 153 

Giniperum 687 B. Juniper. K 5225. star ML 
4624.2. 

Glutem etc. passim. Glue. K 4282, ML 3806. 

[Gri] aridum 714 B. Dry. K 841, ML 644. 

Gribella 692 A, i. e. cribella. Sift. 

[Hjabetem 677 B. Firtree. Low Latin. K 33, 
ML 24.2. 

[H]alei<faris> 211 III. Fat. In Latin, NEW. 
SeePlin. N. H. xxxvi 181. 

Hedria 686 E, i. e. KcSpla. Cadartree or the pitch 
from it. 

Heramen. See Aeramen. 

He<t>gabus 687 C. i. e. habet cubus. See 
cubus. 

Hornizas 211 II, i. e. hormizas. adaptation of 
opfil^o). Anchor. NEW. 

[H]ox[s]i 714 C, i. e. o£ovs. Vinegar. 

[HJocsuporflron 687 C, i. e.the late6£[o]u7ro/3<£v- 
pov. Of deep porphyry color. NEW. 

Indicum A. Indigo. K 4894, ML 4377. 

Inglutinas (incl-Cod.) 706 B. Glue. NEW. 

Inlucidare 692 A. Varnish. NEW. 

Inluminatione 687 C. Illumination? 

Inquoad 707 B, i. e. incohat. Begins. K 4831, 
ML 4359 a. 

Interrationem 710 B. Putting in the ground. 
NEW. 

Intro 691 A, 691 E. Within. K 51 10, ML 4514. 



154 A Classical Technology 

Intrantem 700 E. Ingredient. NEW. K 5107, 
ML 4504. 

Is<s>a 701 A, i. e. ipsa. The. K 5146, ML 
4572. 

[I]smir[on]i[e]nam 675 B. Of emery. NEW, 
on the analog}- of the neighboring plumbinam, pecu- 
liar form due to a pair of corrections which have 
slipped down into the text. 

Ja<m> 701 E. Now. K 5171, ML 4572. 

Jarim 695 A, 699 C, 712 E, 713 A. Verdigris. 
(Idpiov). NEW. 

Josu<m> 701 D, 703 B. Above. K 2871, ML 
2567.2. 

Jotta 678 C & E, 679 BC, 680 A, C, D, 695 B. 
Broth. ML 4636, not in K. 

Juxta 685 E. According to, along with. K 5242, 
ML 4644. 

Laboras 702 D. i. e. labores. Work. K 5356, ML 
4809. 

Lacca 680 D, 699 F, 700 C, 713 D. Lac, lacquer. 

Lamna, passim. Strip. K 5406, ML 4869. 

Lamnizas 693 E. Cut into strips. NEW. 

Laucidis 696 D, i. e. Aei'KaStos. Asphodel. In 
Latin NEW. 

Lazuri 698 B, 699 D, lazurin 698 A, 700 A. 
Azure. K 5495, ML 4959. 

Lazurizonta 699 D, i. e. Aa£vpi£ovra. Azure, 
blue. In Latin NEW. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 155 

Lebatum 677 A. Error for lauatum. Wash. K 
5488, ML 4951. 

Lebicatum 683 C. Reduced, alloyed. Better than 
K 5548, ML 5002. (With stars). NEW. 

Letatur 708 A. Besmear. K 5383 : ML 4846. 

Lima 692 C. File. K 5597, ML 5042. 

Limare ibid. To file. K 5598, ML 5043. 

Limnas 685 B, error for lamnas. 

Limnia 715 E, i. e. Lemnia (terra). Reddish- 
white earth. 

Lineleon, passim, linei 703 D, lineileum 703 D. 
Linseed oil. NEW. 

Reproduces a nonquotable AtveAatov ; cf . pisselaeon, 
cedor oil. 

Lineum 688 C. Flaxen. K 5621, ML 5064. 

Litra 687 C, i. e. AtVpa. Pound. In Latin NEW. 

Lixare 689 A & C. Smooth, polish, NEW. Cor- 
rect K 5641, ML 5081. 

Lucida 689 E, lucidus 689 E, 691 E. Varnish. 
K 5708, ML 5140. 

Lulax, lulacim, lulacerin passim. Lilac, vegetable 
indigo. New. (K 5594, not in ML). See 713 A. 
Lulax idest. jndicum. 

Luza 678 E. Syriac for almond. NEW. 

Magic 706 E. Month of May. K 5815, ML 5250. 

Magma 698 C. Unguent dregs. 

Manare 701 C. Flow. Cf. K 5865, not in ML. 

Mantica 696 C. Cheese. K 5914, ML 5327. 



156 A Classical Technology 

Marcescit 676 E. Wither. K 5938, not in ML. 

Mastalo, 701 B, for masculo. Male, strong. K 
5988, ML 5392. 

Matiola 690 E. Small hammer. NEW. Star K 
6001, not in ML. 

Medicamen 679 A. Drug. K 6035 A, ML 5456. 

Medicamentum 679 C. Drug. K 6036, ML 
5456 A. 

Medicatio (-itat-Cod.) 678 D. Mixture. 

Mela 686 D, for melina, yellow? See below. 

Melinus passim. Does it mean apple green or 
honey yellow? See K 6063, not registered by ML. 

Metallata 716 D. Hardened like metal. NEW. 

Metallizatur 684 E. Harden like metal. NEW. 

Metrum 690 D. Measure. K 6142, ML 5553. 

Milum 689 E, i. e. fivXXa. Grease. NEW. 

Minutatim 716 C. In small pieces. 

Minutis 716 C. Reduce to small size. New. 
Stars K 6202, ML 5598. 

Minutos 691 A. Small. K 6204, ML 5600. 

Montuosos 676 A. Mountainous. Incorrectly 
starred by K 6385, not in ML. 

Mordace 702 C. Tongs. NEW. See K 6297 
and especially ML 5678. 

Moro clossus 686 D, i. e. monoglossus. Of one 
petal. NEW. 

Multum 717 A. Very. K 6361, ML 5740. 

Mundatio 717 C. Cleansing. • 



From Codex LucensiSj 490 157 

Mundi. anis 696 D perhaps for medianis. Half, 
ordinary. K 6033, ML 5452. 

Musibum 675 A. Mosaic. K 6410, ML omits it. 

Mutuosa 676 A. motuosus ibid. Friable. NEW. 

Nascit 676 D. Occur. K 6455, ML 5832. 

Negra 687 B. Black. K 6536, ML 5917. 

Netrina 697 B. Of nitrum. NEW. 

Neulacis 698 E, 699 B. tapsia plant. In Latin 
NEW. 

Nobacula 683 A. Knife. K 6578, ML 5965. 
Confined to Iberia. (?) 

Nominare 715 E. Name. K 6565, ML 5950. 

Ogrea 686 C, i. e. uxpia. Ochre. In Latin. NEW. 

Ogris[os]sun[t] 684 E, i. e. nonquotable o>xp*£t«>p. 
Yellow. NEW. 

Oligine 686 D, perhaps for oliagine, but A 16 
has olicini. Oily. NEW. 

Or rather adapted from kXatayvos, sort of chaste- 
tree. 

Omam 711 A. i. e. autem. Now; but. 

Omni<f>aciem 687 B. Of every sort. NEW. 

Omni[a]colores 686 C. Of every hue. NEW. 

Onicinus 689 A. Of onyx. 

Operari passim. Work. K 6704, ML 6071. 

Orebus 706 C. Calamine. NEW, 

Ossa 681 C. Bones. K 6749, ML 61 14. 

Ossuorum 68 i B. Bones. Cited in other sources. 

Palea 716 B. Straw. K 6793, ML 6161. 



158 A Classical Technology 

Pandius passim. Celandine. NEW. (Did the 

word really mean of yellow color ? See 707 E.) 

Papati 696 D, sees to represent purati. Refined. 

K 7565. 

Pargamina 683 A. Parchment. Star K 7052, but 
not ML 641 1. 

Paridio 715 C, i. e. paricla. Like, equl. K 6867, 
ML 6241. 

Pecorinum 679 B, pecurinum 678 D. cattle. 
Starred, K 6958 A, but not by ML 6327. 

Persusa 701 B, for pertusa. Pierce. Star K 7082, 
while ML 6436 posits pertusiare (given by K as 
an alternative), but without a citation. NEW. 

Perut 683 D. Exactly as. NEW. 

Pestillum 711 D. Pestle. K 7194, ML 6537. 

Petalum -la, passim pecula. Petal, leaf. K 7090, 
ML omits it. 

Petres 705 E, petreg 684 C, i. e. {-wirpam) Stone. 
K 7099, ML 6445. 

Petrosus 715 E. Stony. 

Pila 707 A. Mortar. K 7145, ML 6496. 

Piniatu 698 A. Cylindrical pot, pipkin. Cf. K 
7156, ML 651 1. 

Pinna 691 B. Feather. K 7170, ML 6514. 

Plant < at >ionu.m 687 A. Plantings. 

Plecaturas 690 E. Folds. Low Latin. 

Plumbinus 675 B. Leaden. NEW. 

Pluppi 692 A, puppli 689 A. Poplar. Pluppi is 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 159 

starred by K 7309, but not by ML 6655 : form re- 
quired by some N. Ital. Dialects. 

Plusquam 676 E. More. 

Porcinus 714 B. Hog's. Cf. ML 6663, not in K. 

Porfirizontam 712 D, i. e. irop<f>vpt£ovra. Of por- 
phyry. NEW. 

Pos 710 E, 714 B. After. K 7336, ML 6684. 

Postquod 716 C. Afterward. 

Primotica 690 A. Maturing early. Rare. 

Propter 677 D. With. 

Psimitthim passim, [ijpsimittim 695 C, [i]psim 
<ittim> 695 A. Cerussa white lead. 

Puluis passim, puluer 715 B, pulberas 675 C. 
Powder. K 7545, ML 6842. 

Quadriga 688 E. "Carriages," "horse." K 7610, 
ML 6918. 

Quadroagutum 706 E. Having four points. See 
K 152 and ML 135, K 7601-7619 and ML 6921. 
May be a translation of a nonquotable TerpaKavOos. 

Quedonia 695 E. Quince (?). K 2727, ML 
2436. 

Quejussans 675 E, i. e. cerussans. Applying 
whitelead. NEW. Cf. K 2107, ML 1842. 

Quern 708 D. Who, which. Ptg. quern, Sp. quien. 

Quianus 700 C. See Cianus. 

Quianus 695 C, perhaps quia [quia] 695 D, 
quignus 711 B. Just as. See K 7670 under quinam 
(connection of the mentioned Romance forms is not- 



160 A Classical Technology 

ed as doubtful) ML 6953.4. In an y event quignus 
(star ML l.c) is the source of Dante's chignamente, 
Old Umbrian chigno. 

Quoadusque, quodadusque 708 A. Until. 

Radices 710 A. Strip off make thin. Star K 
771 1, ML 6993. N. Italian. 

Radus 692 A. Thin. Correct K 7783. NEW. 
Ital. 

Reber[a]titur, 711 A. Return. K 8052, not in 
ML. 

<Re>cordare, 702 D. Remember K 7846, ML 

7129. 

Rectionum 687 A. Read <con>fectionum. 
Compositions. 

Refridare passim, often re[c]-. Cool off. (K 
3985-3988, ML 3512). 

Relinisteo 696 C, from aeXtvov. Parsley. Du- 
cange Med. et Inf. Graec. Lex. has aeXivopirov. 

Remininum 701 E, i. e. femininum. Soft. ML 
3239. a, not in K. 

Residere 703 A. Settle. 

Robas<fero>ticis 696 D, i. e. rubus feroticus. 
Wild bramble. For rubus see K 8181, ML 7414 
for feroticus Cf. Sodica and remarks. 

Rubeus 716 B. Red. K 8175, ML 7408. 

Russeum 716 A. Red. K 8224, ML 7465. 

Salbe. dica 700 E. 700 E, i. e. sal Betica. Span- 
ish salt: see Plin. 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 161 

N. H. xxxi 86 and remember that sal is feminine 
in Spanish. 

Salmaginas 687 A appears to be for sal marinus, 
sea salt. For sal see K 8277, ML 7521. 

Sal sepinus 687 B i. e. sappinus. Firtree. K 8351, 
7592. 

Sanguineus 682 B. Bloody, blood-eyed. K. 
8325, ML 7572. 

Scaldato 687 E, 688 A, 691 B. Heated. K 3331, 
ML 2946. 

Scalphita 706 B, i. e. scalpta. Carved. K 8409, 
ML 7643. 

Scaraxas 675 D. Scrape. 

Scapilatura 683 A. Clipping. NEW. Ducange 
has Scapellare i. q. caedere. 

Scap[p]il<l>ata 692 A. Carved, clipped. See 
preceding entry. 

Scara 696 D. Wild. Rosmary K, 8439, NEW. 
ML 7674. 

Sceugnasias 714 E. i. e. aKioy pastas. Sketch, 
painting. In Latin NEW. 

Scyra 695 E, i. e. aKvpov or ao-Kvpov. St. Johns' 
wort, tutsan. (Ascyron). 

Semetipsum 700 E. Self. cff. K, 5146. 5, ML 

5551. 

Sequenti 710 B. According to. Star K 8627, 
Cf. ML 7839. 

Setantiantur 688 D. Sift. CF. K 8258, ML 7499. 



1 62 A Classical Technology 

Setertia 21 1 III, i. e. sextaria ibid. A certain 
measure. K 8677, ML 7887. 

Simatim 682 C, simati 713 A, simotim 706 A, 
simutim 698 C. This is the simultim of Ducange. 
Similarly. 

Siricum 686 D. White lead. 

Smira 675 C (twice, mira Cod.) 715 D emery. 
ML 8044. i,cf. K8823. 

[I]smir[on]i[e]nam 675 B. Made of emery. 
NEW. 

Smiruttas 675 C. Smurattas 675 C. Of emery. 
NEW. 

Sodica 696 C, read ferotica. Wild. NEW. The 
sis is due to a misunderstanding of / with the sinuous 
line meaning i, e, ir, er, or and the d is due to the 
cursive Visigothic / which does often resemble a d 
only too closely. See K 3695, not in ML. The 
analogy is not with silvaticus, but with words like 
exoticuSj better with primoticus and tauroticus which 
occur in this text. 

Soliclas 706 C, i. e. solidas. Solidify, solder. K 
8850, ML 8068. 

Solidatura 706 C. Soldering. Ducange Med. etc. 
anno 1367. 

Sordes 698 B. Dross. K 8884, not in ML. 

Sorditie 709 A. Dross. Cff. K 8886, ML 8097. 

Sparsio 715 AC. Varnish. 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 163 

Spisse 675 D. Repeatedly, often. K 8959, ML 
8160. 

Stagneum 690 C. Made of tin. ML 8228 stars 
stannius, not in K. 

Stagnum 682 B. Raw lead ? (K 9012.2, not in 
ML). 

Sticis 682 B. See robasticis and sodica. 

Stipterea 699 C, i. e. Groirrqpia. Alum. As Latin, 
NEW. 

Stringit 706 D (sgringit, Cod.). Contract. K 
9112, ML 8315. 

Subalbidus 675 C & D. Whitish. 

Subaurosum 683 D. Of somewhat golden color. 
NEW. 

Subcellum 692 B. Error for forcellum: see under 
sodica. Fork. Star in K 4069, but listed without star 
by ML 3594. 

Subnigra 677 C. Blackish. 

Subporphira 715 E. Purplish. NEW. 

Subrubicundus 684 AB. Reddish. 

Subtiliare 702 BC. Thin out. Star K 9201, no 
star ML 8398. 

Sulforitantantum 685 D. i. e. sulforita autem. 
Sulphurous. NEW. 

Sus 701 D, susu 703 B. Upwards. K 9385, ML 
8478.2. 

Suuentium 690 D. Often. (K 9168, ML 8363) : 
N. Italian. 



1 64 A Classical Technology 

T omitted: 677 B, 684 C, 694 C, 699 B, 710 C, 
710 E, 711 C, 715 D, 715 E, 716 A, 716 B, 716 
E (twice), 717 A. 

T final changed to D : e. g. 707 B, 709 D. 

T added: 677 A, 678 C (twice), 688 E, 694 C, 
703 A, 703 C, 703 D (twice), 705 A, 706 E 
(thrice), 707 A (four times), 711 C, 712 B, 713 B 
(thrice), 713 E. 

Tamusat 686 D, i. e. tamarix. Tamarisk. Cf. K 

9359. 

Tammum 709 E seems to be for tantum. Only. 
K 9370. 

Taurinus 688 E. Bull's. 

Taurocollon 705 D, 706 E. Oxglue: cf. Icthy- 
ocollon and tauricolla Gl. E. sub Glaucia. 

Taurotica 689 D. Of ox. NEW. 

Tecula and tegula 688 C. Small receptacle. 
NEW. 

Telope 685 B, error for petalo. Leaf. 

Tenacla 687 E. Tongs. K 9436. 

Tenio 698 C. Error for ueneto. Blue. K 10042. 

Tepidis. gat 708 C, i. e. tepidiscat. Grows warm. 
NEW. 

Terebentinus 689 A. Turpentine. K 9461. 

Terita 696 C, teritarum 703 C. Rubbed : irregular 
participle from terere. Rubbed, ground. 

Theaspis 682 D, i. e. Thespias. From Thespia. 



From Codex Lucensis, 490 165 

Titimallus 706 E. The plant spurge. K 9560 

( Ti6vfxaWo<5. ) 

Trachias 717 B. A stone: cf. C. Gl. II 75, 46. 

Tricas 696 C, i. e. rptx as - Filaments. In Latin, 
NEW. 

Tricorelinon 696 C, i. e. nonquotable rpixoaiXivov. 
Hairy filaments. NEW. 

Tripsis 711 C, i. e. Tptyis. Friction. In Latin, 
NEW. 

Tritare 699 E, J60 BC, 711 A. Crush, bruise, 
pound. Star K 9757. NEW. 

Tritura 697 C. Crushing, bruising. 

Turbula 699 C. Turbid, troubled. Star K 9825. 
NEW. 

Turbulare 699 C. Grow turbid. Star K 9823. 
NEW. 

Unde 712 D. Where (not whence). K 9891. 

Unguatum 699 D stands for aquatum. Batter. 
This noun is listed neither by K nor ML (the 
aquatus of ML 580 is the adj. or participle). 

Unicinum 710 E, i. e. onychinum. Of onyx. Cf. 

K6697 

Urina & hurina passim, orina 678 B. Urine. K 
stars urina 9915, which is implied by orina. 

Uuatum 698 D. 699 AB, 713 AB. Batter. N. 
Italian and Lombard for aquatus. 

See ML 570, citing uva for aqua. 

Vermiculum 699 E. Vermillion. See Bermiculum. 



1 66 A Classical Technology 

Vero disculum 701 A is for ueridisculum. Green- 
ish. New. Cf. K 1 02 1 7. 

Veronica 691 E, i. e. uettonica. Betony. K 10125. 

Vetrissimo 710 A. Very old. NEW. 

Vi[p]rode 677 D. i. e. uiride. Green. K 10217. 

Vitreus 696 B, 698 C, 700 C. Glassy. 

Vitriarius passim. Glass-maker. 

Vitriolum passim. Vitriol. Incorrectly starred K 
10258. 

Vitrum passim, bitrum 682 A, uetrum 677 B : 
uitrium 677 D, 695 B. Glass. K 10259. 

Vituminatione 709 B. Application of bitumen. 
NEW. 

Ydr[o]argiris 714 E. ydr[os]argyros 714 E. 
Mercury. 

[YJspureorum 714 E. Sponge. K 8970, ML 

8i73. 

Zebe<l> 698 D, read gebal. Arabic for stone. 
Zelet 686 C, i. e. gelet. Freeze. K 4202, ML 

3714. 

Zigea exzigeo, i. e. gigea exgigeo. See Gigea. 

Zubri 689 D, tiumbri ibid. Very uncertain, see 
Comm. 

By the way of supplement to the Glossary and 
the remarks in Preface we may add some facts which 
will help to characterize this text and the methods 
of the translator or his later copyists: 

The translator attempted in the earlier part of his 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 167 

work to find a correct equivalent for the Greek 
original, though occasionally (e. g. for terra stel- 
laris) finding himself at a loss, he simply transfers 
the terms of the Greek formula. Once after men- 
tioning alumen, he uses stypteria. As the work pro- 
gressed he used more and more Greek words espes- 
cially in those participles from names of plants or 
colors : the climax occurs near the end when in des- 
pair he gives us a whole recipe in the tongue of the 
original; here we may suspect that the Greek was 
already overladen with glosses and errors which 
made the whole unintelligible. 

His language is characterized by the frequent uses 
of-izare verbs e. g. lamnizare, metallizare etc. He 
has numerous compounds beginning withex — which 
may be intensive or subtractive; he often has sub- 
formations, the meaning being, of course one of re- 
duction. Another remarkable fact is the occurrence 
of albidiante, coloridietur ; of several -sco verbs 
e. g. extemperascere, not otherwise quotable. Again 
we may note his fondness for the adjectives in 
-inus: amygdalinus bobinus or bouinus, caninus, 
caprinus, cidrinus or citrinus, cipollinus, cypressinus, 
columbinus, duracinus exalbinus, femininus, marinus, 
melinus, netrinus oliginus, onycinus, pecorinus, 
plumbinus, porcinus, sappinus, smyrinus, terebentin- 
us; plus that adjective implied by the reading eer- 
inus, acerinus or cerrinus. 



1 68 A Classical Technology 

He is quite independent in the matter of word 
formation as may be seen by cooperitum and terita 
instead of the accepted forms coopertus, tritus. 

In the domain of Syntax the following items are 
notable: unum 714 D seems to be an article. 

Ne does not occur in the text at all, the negative of 
the Imperative is non e. g. 713 D, non dimittas. 

Addito 703 C is the only occurrence of the Fut. 
Imperative. 

The substitution of the Infinitive for the Impera- 
tive is seen 713 B commiscere, requiescere, sufflare 
700 E, perhaps too operari 680 B. This last form 
furnishes a transition to some other Imperatives if 
frequent occurrence in this text; are triti 715 A 
and frangi 713 C early examples of the Italian -i 
Imperative ? 

In compound tenses of the Passive fuerit and 
fuerint are universal instead of erit, erunt. 

Passing now to the syntax of nouns note the use 
of the Nominative for the Accusative 688 B and C, 
690 A, B, and D, 691 C; all Italian symptoms. 
This easily chimes in with tante and quante as 
Accusatives of extent 688 B, and of cuse as a sort 
of Nominative Absolute 679 A. Stranger than this 
is ex with the genitive 712 C. More important from 
the Romanic standpoint is that stagnu 710 D, croco 
710 A, pelle 679 C, tau rocollo 717 B are Gentives: 
we thus antedate "pro deo amur" by 200 years. 



From Codex Lucensis, 4Q0 169 

Queer syntax is furnished by refloriens 706 D in an 
Ablative Absolute construction; subtiles agrees (or 
rather fails to agree) with uitria 682 C. Quod has 
assumed the functions of a general relative, see 
690 B. 

The word petalum is masc, fern., or neuter accord- 
ing to the whim of the compiler. The combina- 
tions post ilium siccum 680 A, post tota fesa 690 B, 
post ilia battuta 687 D and above all post tote bul- 
lite 690 B seem to be other Italian symptoms. The 
occurrence of alii as Genitive 700 B need not detain 
the reader, but purpurei colorem 700 C where we 
need a Genitive is more interesting. This combin- 
ation may be only another case where a word abbre- 
viated in the (or an) Archetype has been incorrectly 
resolved. 

Now as to this last point, note how often our text 
has liber where we must read libre or libras (no one 
can say for certain whether to use the Nominative 
or the Accusative) ; it is the form that recurs in the 
Cod. Luc. in several passages. Since cum- occurs 
for com- 705 E, 708 A and B, 710 B and D, 712 
B, 715 B, 717 B we see that the scribe or some scribe 
had before him one of the early ways of abbreviating 
com, con and cum. We call the attention of our 
Romanic friends to 708 E, non desinas terendo; we 
would be glad to conserve the reading uolis 688 E, 
but since a superior bar for em } en, er in one's 



170 A Classical Technology 

Archetype is so often omitted or not copied and 
since everywhere else we find uolueris, probably this 
must be read here too. 

At 702 A-E dominari and preualere take a Dative. 
Low Latin symptoms are: habes tinguere 703 A; 
bolliam for-nt 689 B and conversely cinnibarint 695 
A, glutent 706 B. 

Finally as bearing on the condition of the Arch- 
etype : coquoquitur 716 B shows a correction there; 
erulla 707 D, afronieri 711 E and ainguis 679 E 
make us remember how much a cursive Visigothic 
in ligature does resemble a or e. 



